养殖刺参保苗期重大疾病“腐皮综合征”病原及其感染源分析  

Etiology of skin ulcer syndrome in cultured juveniles of Apostichopus japonicus and analysis of reservoir of the pathogens

作　　者：王印庚[1] 方波[1] 张春云[2] 荣小军[1] 

机构地区：[1]农业部海洋渔业资源可持续利用重点开放实验室中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛266071 [2]哈尔滨工业大学海洋学院,山东威海264209

出　　处：《中国水产科学》2006年第4期610-616,共7页Journal of Fishery Sciences of China

基　　金：山东省科技发展计划项目(2004GG2205116);青岛科技发展计划项目(02-1-kchhh-44)

摘　　要：2003~2005年冬、春季,山东省和辽宁省众多养殖区域的保苗期刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)暴发了较为严重的传染性疾病—“腐皮综合征”。该病波及面广,传染性强,死亡率常高达90%以上。发病症状主要表现为:厌食、摇头、肿嘴、排脏、身体萎缩、口部溃烂乃至体表大面积溃疡。本研究对症状较为典型的3家海参保苗期的发病幼参进行了详细的病原学分析,从所有病参的病灶组织分离得到了1种占有绝对优势的菌株,经人工感染实验证明它对健康刺参具有较强的致病性,且感染病参的症状与自然发病海参的症状相同。通过形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA分子生物学方法对该菌进行的分类鉴定表明,导致保苗期刺参“腐皮综合征”的致病菌是假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)。同时也对3家养殖场刺参保苗养殖系统进行了分析研究。结果表明,水源中细菌含量不高,为(0.8×102)^(1.2×102)cells/mL,其特征与病灶处优势菌不同;而饵料中细菌含量最高可达3.2×106cells/mL。饵料、池水和池底污物的优势菌与病灶处优势菌基本一致,说明饵料可能是病原菌的主要来源。本研究首次揭示了“腐皮综合征”导致保苗期刺参大规模死亡的原因及其致病原,对刺参健康养殖和病害防治具有重要的指导意义。[中国水产科学,2006,13(4):610-616]The cultured sea cucumber ADostichopus japonicus suffered from serious disease ‘skin ulcer syndrome＇ in many farms around Shandong and Liaoning province during winter and spring from 2003 to 2005. The disease was widely spread with high infectious and lethal feature, often causing 90 % mortality even total destruction of sea cucumber juveniles. The syndrome displayed as anorexia, shaking head, mouth tumidity, viscera ejection, general atrophy, and skin ulceration. This study investigated the etiology of diseased sea cucumber from three farms. One bacterial strain was isolated from these infected sea cucumbers, and it was always dominant amongst the isolates, and artificial infection test proved that it was the causative pathogen associated with the disease. The bacterium was identified as Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens by the means of morphological, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. This paper also studied the reservoir of the pathogens, through the bacteriological analysis of water supply, rearing water, benthon and feeds. The results showed that only little bacteria （0.8 × 10^2～1.2 × 10^2 cells/mL） have been found in water supply, and the character was not same as the dominant bacterium of the infected sea cucumber. However, numerous bacteria （3.2 × 10^6 cells/mL） could be detected in the feeds, and its character was same as the dominant bacterium of the infected sea cucumber, which indicated that the bad feed was most probably the origin of the disease etiology. This paper firstly report the causative pathogen of ‘skin ulcer syndrome＇ in juveniles of Apostichopus japonicus, which will be helpful in the disease control and health management during sea cucumber cultivation. [ Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2006,13 （4） ： 610 - 616 ]

关 键 词：刺参 水产养殖 腐皮综合征 细菌 假交替单胞菌 

分 类 号：S968.9[农业科学—水产养殖]