耶稣会士对汉字的解析与认知  

Jesuits’ Analysis and Cognition of Chinese Characters

作　　者：陈辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学韩国研究所,浙江杭州310028

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2007年第4期77-84,共8页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学创新基地"语言与认知研究"资助项目(205000-811342)

摘　　要：16世纪中后叶,东来的耶稣会士出于传教的需要,先后研习日语和汉语,使得日语和汉语相继与葡语、拉丁语等欧洲语言发生了语言接触。汉语在汉字文化圈中的通用文地位,自然让传教士们将认知东亚语的重点放在了汉字这一完全相异于拉丁字母的意音文字之上,他们以反切法、假名等梵语与汉字汉文相接触的产物为基础,逐步建构了一套音素文字视角下的对汉字的解析和认知体系。这套体系与现代认知语言学家总结出来的人类对言语理解的体系性模型,也即从语音知觉,到字词识别,到句法,再到语义的信息递进式加工次序惊人一致。传教士们这种对东亚语言的科学认知模式,在音韵学、训诂学、文字学等方面对东亚的语言尤其是汉语的研究作出了重大贡献。From the mid and late 16^th century to the beginning of the 17^th century, Jesuits came to Japan and China to study Japanese and Chinese for their mission. Their studies initiated the language contacts between Japanese and Chinese and European languages （such as Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian）. These earlier language contacts between the European languages and the Oriental languages are of special significance, because the former were based on Latin alphabet as graphic symbols, Latin as the common language and Christian culture as a common cultural background, while the latter on Chinese characters as graphic symbols, Chinese as the common language and Confucian and Buddhist as a common cultural background. Since the Chinese language is a general written language in the Chinese character cultural sphere, it is natural for Jesuits to focus on the cognition of Chinese characters, a kind of ideophonetic language distinct from the Latin alphabet, in achieving the cognition of Chinese and Japanese. They worked out the Roman transcription system for Japanese and Chinese by employing fanqie（a special traditional way of indicating the pronunciation of a Chinese character through using two other characters） and kana, which were created by the Buddhist monks and scholars of China and Japan during thecontacts between Sanskrit and classical Chinese. Moreover, they created new meanings in old Japanese or Chinese forms, or loanwords from Japanese or Chinese in translating Catholic catechism and European scientific and technological information with Chinese vocabulary. Meanwhile, they made a semantic and cognitive analysis of the Chinese words in the context of Confucian and Buddhist cultures, thus establishing a relatively complete system based on the analysis and cognition of ideophonetic languages from the perspective of phonemic languages. This system is amazingly consistent with the systematic model of human beings~ understanding of languages summarized by the modern cognitive linguists who argue that human being

关 键 词：耶稣会士 语言接触 音素文字 意音文字 认知 

分 类 号：H1-09[语言文字—汉语]