清代“乡地”制度考略  

"Xiang-Di" Administrative System in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：魏光奇[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史系,北京100037

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2007年第5期64-78,共15页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"清代州县行政与乡里制度研究"(02BZS006)

摘　　要：清代雍乾以后里甲制度趋于废弛,"乡地"成为各地的主体性乡村职役组织。乡地不同于保甲,是一种职能全面的地域性乡役组织,一般以村、庄等自然聚落为基层单位,其上置各级"地方"。各地乡地组织的生成途径互有不同,有些是出于原有地域性乡役组织的转化,有些是出于里甲组织的地域化演变,有些是伴随里甲制度的废除而创建,有些则长期与里甲组织共存,此外,有些地方的乡地通过编联保甲得到充实,呈现次生形态。乡地组织承担的职能包括催征田赋杂税、摊派征发差徭、报告刑事和治安事件、在民事诉讼和刑事案件审理中承担各种责任、进行道德教化和调节民事纠纷、办理保甲和统计户口、办理抗灾赈济事务,以及奉官府饬令办理各种临时性事务。清中期以后的乡地制度,可以折射出中国传统政治的实用主义特征,可以反映中国政治发展中国家组织逐渐向乡村社会延伸的趋势。The ＂Li--Jia＂ system （i. e. five households a Li and ten a Jia） after Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors almost came to its end; instead, ＂Xiang-Di＂ or Village-and-Region system became the main local administrative organization. The latter differs from the former in that Xiang-Di is a manifold administrative unit which was generally formed with a natural village. Above the unit of village is Region. Each Village and Region unit had come its own way. Some were transformed from their original local organizations, others were set up owing to the abandonment of the former Li-Jia organization, still others long co-existed with Li-Jia organization. Furthermore, some local Xiang-Di units were enforced and there hence appeared a sub-ecological system. The role these units played is to levy land or other taxes, apportion corvees, report criminal and civil affairs, shoulder all kinds of responsibility in trying civil and criminal cases, carry on moral education, adjust and mediate civil disputes, record household members, take measures in fighting against natural calamities and provide relieves, and fulfill various affairs provisionally assigned by governments. Such a system after the middle Qing Dynasty could reveal a pragmatic nature of the traditional Chinese politics and reflect its extension tendency from the national organizations towards village societies.

关 键 词：清代 乡役组织 乡地 保甲 里甲 

分 类 号：K249-257[历史地理—历史学]