集团利益与国运衰变——明清漕粮河运及其社会生态后果  

Group Interests and National Decline:The Grain Tributary System and Its Social Ecological Effect on the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：马俊亚[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史系中华民国史研究中心,南京210093

出　　处：《南京大学学报（哲学．人文科学．社会科学）》2008年第2期114-126,共13页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家哲学社会科学研究基金(05BZS039);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大研究项目(07JJD770104)

摘　　要：明代以前,中国海运的技术和条件已十分成熟,明初郑和的船队更是极当时世界之盛。但自明成祖时起,明清中央政府却开始畏惧海洋,在向京师运送漕粮时,长期弃海运、行河运,造成了国家财政极大的浪费,并牺牲了许多无辜百姓的性命。更为严重的是,维持河运给苏北、皖北、鲁南等地区造成了不可估量的生态灾难,并使中国忽视了海军建设,使中国在欧洲列强开始海上争霸之时,由航海强国突变为被海洋所抛弃的没落帝国,最终为海洋国家所征服。而维持河运的真实目的,相当程度是既得利益集团为了一己之利所造成的。Before the Ming Dynasty, Chinas sea-going ability was unparallel in the world. But the central governments of the Ming and Qing Dynasties abandoned sea route and replaced it with the Grand Canal to transport the tributary grain for more than four hundred years. As a result, this policy brought about huge loss in economy and sacrifice of peoples lives as well, not to mention the unimaginable environmental disasters left in the north areas of Jiangsu and Anhui and the south areas of Shandong. When the world competing for sea hegemony, China retreated and reduced herself into a declining empire and eventually was conquered. The reason for the preference of the Grand Canal to sea was, deplorable e-nough, to protect private gains of some interest groups.

关 键 词：漕运 海运 利益集团 社会生态 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]