短跑运动中下肢环节间互动动力学分析  

Intersegmental dynamics analysis of the lower limb in sprint run-ning

作　　者：金磊[1] 刘宇[1] 魏书涛[1] 钟运建[2] 李庆[3] 

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院运动技能研究中心,上海200438 [2]南昌大学,江西330031 [3]清华大学,北京100084

出　　处：《医用生物力学》2008年第3期193-201,共9页Journal of Medical Biomechanics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(10672105);上海市科学技术委员会浦江人才计划;上海市教育委员会重点理科课题(05ZZ42);上海市重点学科建设项目(T0901)

摘　　要：目的从动作控制角度出发,探讨运动控制对提高短跑运动成绩以及预防运动损伤的可能影响。方法研究对象为8名国家级优秀短跑运动员(最好成绩:10.27s～10.80s),利用8台红外高速摄像系统(采样频率300Hz)与测力台系统(1200Hz)同步记录受试者在短跑最大速度阶段的运动学与动力学地面反作用力资料。根据逆动力学理论建立下肢多环节互动动力学模型,对短跑一个步幅的各种力矩进行量化分析。结果短跑支撑阶段地面反作用力矩是下肢各关节处的主要被动力矩,它在着地初期对膝关节产生一个较大的伸膝作用,腿后肌为抵抗此力矩的作用容易造成损伤。腾空阶段惯性力矩的作用非常明显,其最大值出现在摆动末期,腿后肌在被拉至最长的同时还需承受较大的惯性力矩负荷。结论支撑前期与摆动末期均有可能造成腿后肌损伤,腿后肌的肌力与损伤是限制短跑成绩提高的一项主要因素。Based on the kinematic and dynamic measurement and the intersegmental dynamics, the present study investigates the function of active muscle torque and different passive torques on lower limb joints during maximal sprint running in order to get insights into the effect of movement control on sport performance and injury prevention. Methods The subjects were 8 national level sprinters （best performance： 10.27 s-10.80 s）. High-speed infra-red motion analysis system with 8 cameras （300 Hz） and force-plate system （1200Hz） were used to record kinematic and ground reaction force data synchronously. Based on inverse dynamics and intersegmental dynamics model, various interaction torques of lower limb during sprinting maximal speed phase were quantified. Results The results revealed that the dominating passive torque during the ground contact phase was the ground reaction torque （GRT）, which acted to extend the knee joint during the initial stage of ground contact. The muscle produced a flexion torque in order to counter-balance the effect of GRT. This may lead to potential injury of hamstring muscles. In contrast, the inertial torque （the motion-dependent torque） dominated during the swing phase of sprinting, which reached its maximum during the later swing phase. Conclusion Both the initial stage of ground contact phase and the later swing phase of sprinting were considered as major phases in which hamstring muscle strain injury may occur. The muscle strain injury is a main limiting factor for enhancing sport performance.

关 键 词：短跑 运动生物力学 逆向动力学 关节互动力矩 

分 类 号：R318.01[医药卫生—生物医学工程]