上古汉语动词浊清别义的来源--再论原始汉藏语s-前缀的使动化构词功用  

The Original differences of the Verbs with Voice and Voiceless Initals in Ancient Chinese

作　　者：梅祖麟 

机构地区：[1]Tsu-Lin Mei, Asian Studies, Rockefeller Hall, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY 14853-2502,USA

出　　处：《民族语文》2008年第3期3-20,共18页Minority Languages of China

摘　　要：使动化＊s-前缀的清化作用产生上古汉语的浊清别义，如“败”＊b-“自破”／“败”＊p-〈＊s-b“破他”。折“断也”／折“拗折”。藏语，缅彝语，西夏语，哈由（Hayu）语等藏缅语族的9种语言都有自动词／使动词的浊清别义，而藏缅语的比较表明认为这些语言的浊清别义也是由使动化＊s-前缀产生，可见使动化＊s-前缀在原始汉藏语中已经存在。Experts of Tibeto-Burman comparative Shefts Chang and Kun Chang （1976）, and linguistics such as Betty Shefts Chang （1971）, Betty Dai Qingxia （2001） have shown that （A） the PTB causative ＊s- has a devoicing effect upon the following voiced consonant： e.g. for stops, s-b〉p; and for nasals, s-m〉hm, and （B） the causative ＊s- through its devoicing effect has generated, in several Tibeto-Burman languages, the familiar Tibeto-Burman voicing alternation in the formation of simplex/causative pairs. Apply the ＊s-devoicing rules to old Chinese and we get, as shown in this paper, simplex/causative pairs such as 败 ＊brads ‘defeated＇/＊s-brads〉＊prads ‘to defeat＇ ;折 ＊djat ‘broken （of sticks, branches） ＇/＊s-djat〉＊tjat ‘to break （sticks, branches）＇; 见＊gians ‘to appear＇/＊s-gians〉＊kians ‘to see＇; 灭＊mjiat ‘extinguish, destroy＇/ 灭＊s-mjiat〉＊hmjiat ‘to cause X to be destroyed＇. In other words, the causative category in Old Chinese consists of （1） the causative ＊s-, which Old Chinese inherited from PST, and （2） the voicing alternation in simplex/causative pairs, which is a reflex of the causative ＊s-. The paper concludes by proposing the causative ＊s- and and/or its reflex （the devoicing alternation in simplex/causative verbs） as criteria for membership in Sino-Tibetan family.

关 键 词：上古汉语 使动词 汉藏语 前缀 汉语动词 构词 藏缅语族 西夏语 

分 类 号：H131[语言文字—汉语]