说“清闲”  

A Discussion of "qingxian"(清闲)

作　　者：左建[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学古籍研究所,浙江杭州310028

出　　处：《西南交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2008年第5期61-64,共4页Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：由于对"清闲"一词的含义尚无定论,在古籍传刻中易被讹为"清开"、"清问"、"请问"、"请间"等形式,影响了古籍整理和研究者对文义的准确把握。此词可以追溯到汉代的"燕居"与"闲居",此二词的区别在于是否避人。《汉书》中,二词合并产生名词性短语"清燕之闲"或"清闲之燕",特指皇帝与臣子避人谈话,省略为"清闲"。晋以后,"清闲"成为动词,表示两人避人谈话,但只强调形式上的秘密性,对谈话者的身份、谈话内容没有特别限制。北宋时,专制集权加强,士人言辞也受到影响,"闲居"与"燕居"被理解为皇帝专用的名词"清闲之燕",就连当国权臣也不宜使用,遑论士人了。元代以后,表示避人谈话的"清闲"更是罕用。There is no agreed account of the connotations of ＂qingxian＂ （清闲）, so the word is frequently misunderstood and misspelt as ＂ qingkai ＂（清开）, ＂qingwen＂ （清问）, ＂ qingwen＂ （请问） or ＂qingjian＂ （请间）, which affect the compilation of ancient books and the proper understanding of the word. ＂qianxian＂ can be traced back to ＂xianjü＂ （闲居） and ＂yanjü＂ （燕居） in the Han Dynasty, whose distinction lied in avoiding people or not. In the History of the Former Han Dynasty, ＂xianjti＂ and ＂yanjti＂ were combined into a noun phrase ＂qing yan zhi xian＂ （清燕之闲） or ＂qing xian zhi yan＂ （清闲之燕）, which is short for ＂qingxian＂, only referring to the private conversation between emperor and his subject. Since the Jin Dynasty, ＂qingxian＂ became a verb which still meant the private conversation but only stressed the private form without any limit on the identity of interlocutors or contents of conversation. In the Earlier Song Dynasty, the dictatorship was consolidated and the remarks of scholars were controlled, so ＂xianjü＂ and ＂yanjü＂ only referred to ＂qing xian zhi yan＂ of the emperor. In the Yuan Dynasty, the word qmgxlan was seldom used.

关 键 词：清闲 请间 《汉书》 燕居 闲居 清燕之闲 清闲之燕 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]