三聚氰胺及其同系物三聚氰酸的生物学效应和毒理学研究进展  

Biological effects and toxicology studies of melamine and its derivative cyanuric acid

作　　者：胡虎[1] 盛宏强[1] 马晓琼[1] 来茂德[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学医学院病理学与病理生理学系,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（医学版）》2008年第6期544-550,共7页Journal of Zhejiang University(Medical Sciences)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(30700267);浙江省自然科学基金(Y202095)

摘　　要：三聚氰胺因为最近的奶粉事件成为食品公共安全的焦点,所以针对三聚氰胺及其同系物三聚氰酸的生物学效应和毒理学研究作一综述,主要从理化性质、代谢、毒理机制,以及检测等方面进行总结。三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸本身的急性毒性作用很低,体内为惰性代谢,大部分以原型从尿液排出,大剂量应用时主要对肾脏产生毒性,产生结石,急性肾衰和结石相关的膀胱肿瘤,但同时可能对心脏等肾脏以外的器官产生毒性作用。它们的毒性具有对动物物种的选择性,相对于小鼠、猫和大鼠的肾脏毒性反应更大,而且在雄性动物更加明显。在检测上,HPLC/MS/MS正在成为主要的检测手段。尽管对这一类化合物的生物学效应和毒理学特性已有一定的理解,但仍然存在一些问题,比如,为何肾脏成为结晶产生的主要器官,对肾脏以外器官/系统的作用如何,体内同时存在的三聚氰胺及其同系物可能的累加和协同作用机制等等,亟待进一步从生理、病理、生化实验方面作出解答,为未来生物毒理研究和研制出解决措施提供科学依据。Melamine （Tripolycyanamide）and its derivatives have recently become a public concern on food safety. To better understand melamine and its major derivative cyanuric acid, literature on their chemical properties ,metabolism ,biological effects ,relevant toxicology studies, and the detection methods is reviewed. Studies indicate that the acute toxicity of melamine and cyanuric acid is low. In mammalian, these compounds are hardly metabolized in vivo and are rapidly eliminated in the urine. When used in large dosage ,these compounds demonstrate marked renal toxicity,as well as toxic effect towards heart. The renal toxicity is exemplified by the calculi formation ,acute renal failure ,and subsequently induced carcinomas of the urinary bladder. Among the tested species ,male cats and rats are more prone to be affected by the compounds. The HPLC/MS/MS is becoming the mainstay of the detection methods. Despite of the achieved knowledge on melamine and cyanurie acid,further research is warranted to unveil the mechanism of underlying susceptibility of kidney,to develop better analytic methods ,and to explore possible biomarkers for better clinical diagnosis.

关 键 词：氰胺/副作用 氰胺/毒性 三聚氰胺 三聚氰酸 毒理学 肾毒性 致肿瘤性 生物学效应 检测 高效液相色谱-质谱 

分 类 号：R114[医药卫生—卫生毒理学]