中国化肥施用的环境成本估算  

ESTIMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZER UTILIZATION IN CHINA

作　　者：赖力[1,2] 黄贤金[1] 王辉[3] 董元华[3] 肖思思[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京210093 [2]江苏省信息中心,南京210013 [3]中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京210008

出　　处：《土壤学报》2009年第1期63-69,共7页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院“商品有机肥标准化管理体系研究”、教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-05-0451);霍英东基金优选项目(94001)联合资助

摘　　要：以化肥施用的污染产生剂量分析为基础,借助能值分析理论和伤残调整生命年评估手段,估算了1990～2005年以来全国化肥施用环境影响的能值成本和宏观经济价值。结果显示:(1)我国化肥施用的环境影响比较显著,2005年全国化肥施用环境成本共计188亿元,约占当年农业增加值的1.5%;(2)时间序列来看,1990～2005年来全国化肥施用环境成本年均增长7.1%,并在21世纪以来呈明显的增速下降趋势;(3)空间分布特征来看,化肥施用的生态环境影响呈现显著的东强西弱空间格局,经济发达区土地要素更加稀缺,偏向于化肥等替代要素的密集性投入,因此化肥环境成本负荷相应较大。本研究通过能值分析法评估了化肥施用的环境成本,避免了传统环境估值手段的不足,开拓了环境成本评估的方法领域。As the largest fertilizer user, China consumes one third of the total the world does. In despite of its role in increasing agriculture production and ensuring food security, fertilizer utilization contributes to a series of negative global and regional eco-environmental impacts, such as quality degeneration of farm produce, damage to ecological quality and harm to human health. Hereby, the authors estimated the environmental cost of utilization of mineral fertilizers in China, by means of emergy analysis（EMA） and disability adjusted life years（DALY）. Results reveal that the environmental cost of fertilizer utilization in China was considerable： （ 1 ） the total costs in the year of 2005 reached ￥ 18.8 billions, accounting for about 1.5% of the increment of the value added of farm in the same year; （2） the annual cost growth rates averaged 7.1% in the period of 1990 - 2005, and fortunately, the rate is decreasing remarkably in the 21st century; and （3） provinces, more developed in economy, are also regions more intensively under fertilization environmental impact.

关 键 词：环境成本 能值 化肥 伤残调整生命年 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]