同源异境三方言核心词和特征词比较  

Comparison of Core Words and Characteristic Words of the Same Orientation and Different Geographical Places

作　　者：刘俐李[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学文学院,南京210097

出　　处：《语言研究》2009年第2期81-89,共9页Studies in Language and Linguistics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"同源异境三方言百年演变比较研究"(04BYY033)

摘　　要：核心词是基本词汇中最稳固的词汇,反映方言的共性;特征词是方言独有词汇,反映方言的个性。比较源自陕西关中话的新疆焉耆话和中亚东干语,发现:(1)分布范围广的核心词,焉耆话和东干语基本保留,分布范围居中的二级特征词焉耆话保留近三分之二,东干语保留三分之一;而分布范围窄的一级特征词焉耆话和东干语大多丢失。核心词和特征词分布范围的宽窄与词汇保留量成正比。(2)特征语素和特别组合的消失是方言词汇异化的重要方式。(3)焉耆话和东干语词汇演化的不同取决于语言环境。Core words are the most stable group of the basic vocabulary, which reflect the commonness of the different dialects. Characteristic words are the unique words of one dialect reflecting the uniqueness of certain dialect. By comparing Yanqi（焉耆） dialect in Xinjiang（新疆） province and Donggan（东干） dialect in Central Asia which both originated from Guanzhong（关中） dialect in Shanxi（陕西） province, it can be found that： firstly, the distribution range and the lexical preservation in the core words and characteristic words are in direct proportion. The core words with the widest distribution are mostly preserved both in Yanqi（焉耆） dialect and Donggan（东干） dialect; two thirds second rank characteristic words with medium distribution are preserved in Yanqi（焉耆） dialect while one third in Dongan（东干） dialect; most of first rank characteristic words whose distribution range is narrow disappear in both dialects. Secondly, the disappearance of characteristic morphemes and special collocations is an important way for lexical dissimilation in dialects. Thirdly, the difference of the lexical evolution between Yanqi（焉耆） dialect and Donggan（东干） dialect depends on their respective language environment.

关 键 词：焉耆话 东干语 关中话 特征词 核心词 

分 类 号：H172[语言文字—汉语]