行为遗传学:解决面孔特异性问题争论的新思路  

What Makes a Face a Face:A Review of Studies on Face Specificity

作　　者：李晓白[1] 朱棋[1] 刘嘉[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室,北京100875

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2009年第2期284-293,共10页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金委(30325025);国家科技部973计划(2007CB516703)资助。

摘　　要：面孔刺激的加工存在特异性,但"特异性"的具体内涵仍存在争议。面孔特异性假说认为面孔刺激具有特异性;而专家假说则认为存在特异性的是整体加工的模式。通过对相关领域近年来主要的研究结果的总结,发现争论中混淆了两个概念——加工类型和刺激类型,二者正交分解可将争论归纳为三个假设:1)面孔整体加工特异性的假设;2)面孔刺激特异性的假设;3)专家加工特异性的假设。在未来的研究中,行为遗传学可为解决该争论提供合适的方法。There is a general consensus that mechanisms involved in face processing are ＂special＂.It is unclear, however, that what exactly they are specialized for.According to the face-specificity hypothesis, these mechanisms are selectively involved in processing faces per se.According to the expertise hypothesis, on the other hand, they are selectively involved in processing any class of visual stimuli that share the same basic configuration and for which the subject has gained substantial visual expertise.Here we reviewed recent behavioral, neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies concerning this issue, and we further proposed a novel approach to address this debate by orthogonally manipulating two factors that are centered in both hypotheses：cognitive process（holistic versus part-based analysis） and stimulus（faces versus nonface objects）.Specifically, three new hypotheses derived from this manipulation were proposed to replace the original two for future experiments：a） faces are special（i.e.domain specific）, b） the holistic process is special（i.e.process specific）, and c） a hybrid of the first two：the holistic process of faces is special.Finally, we suggest that studies from genetic perspectives may provide final solution to this long lasting debate.

关 键 词：面孔特异性假说 专家假说 面孔加工 行为遗传学 

分 类 号：B842.2[哲学宗教—基础心理学]