民国时期甘肃农家经济研究——以20世纪30—40年代为中心  

The economic research of Gansu Area's Farmer in the Period of the Republic Of China——Age 30-40 in the 20^(th) century as the center

作　　者：黄正林[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学近代中国研究所,河南开封475001

出　　处：《中国农史》2009年第1期31-46,共16页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：2006年国家社科基金项目"近代黄河上游区域农村社会经济变迁研究"的阶段性成果(批号06BZS032)

摘　　要：甘肃是一个生态环境与民族结构、经济结构比较特殊的地区,农家经济也有特殊性。甘肃虽然土地广袤,地广人稀,但农家田场面积依然狭小,而且土地十分散碎,成为制约农家经济发展的主要因素之一。由于田场面积狭小和散碎,单靠土地无法满足农家生活需求,副业就成为农家分解剩余劳动力、补充家庭生活不足的重要手段,而且农家土地越是不足,分流剩余劳动力的能力越强,说明"过密化"理论并不是适合所有地区。在地权分配中,甘肃传统的农业区域土地并不十分集中,以自耕农经济为主;在宗教、土司、官僚势力比较强的地区,地权相对集中,佃农比例也较高。与全国相比,甘肃的租佃关系既有共性,也有其特殊性。甘肃农家收入由作物生产和副业构成,两者分别占80%和20%左右。民国时期甘肃农家经济十分贫困,造成的原因多种多样,除了土地不足、地权分配不平衡,地主对农民的剥削和各种灾害等因素外,主要是地方政权与军阀的苛捐杂税,即农家要将30—50%的收入用来缴纳各种捐税。因此,民国时期构成甘肃农村社会的主要矛盾并不是地主与农民之间的矛盾,而地方政府和军阀与农民的矛盾才是当时农村社会的主要矛盾。The Gansu area＇s ecological environment, national structure and economic structure are very special, also the farm economy. Although the Gansu area＇ s land is vast and population is sparse, still the small size of the farmer＇s field and the very scattered and fragmentary land become one of the important factors which constrain the development of the farm economy. Because the scattered and fragmentary field and the small size of the field, only depending on the land can＇t satisfy the farm＇s need, sideline becoming an important mean to decompose the surplus labor force and supply the shortage of the family life, the more lack of the farmer＇ s land, the more intense of the diversion＇ s capacity of the surplus labor force, which illustrate the theory of ＂involution＂ doesn＇t for all areas. In the distribution of land ownership ,land of the Gansu＇s traditional agricultural region is not very concentrated, homestead economy is the main; the areas in which the religion, toast and bureaucratic forces are relatively strong, the land ownership is relatively concentrated, the proportion of the tenant is much higher too. Compared with the national, Gansu area＇ s tenancy relationship existing commonalities, but also has its particularity. Gansu farmer＇s income comes from the crop production and sideline, the two accounted for separately about 80 percent and 20 percent. Gansu farmer＇ s economy is poverty in the period of The Republic Of China, caused by a variety of reasons, besides the shortage of land, the unbalanced distribution of land ownership, the landlord＇ s exploitation of the peasant and all kinds of disasters and other factors, the exorbitant taxes and levies from the local government and the warlord is the main reason,that is the 30 to 50 percent＇ s income from the farm is used to pay various taxes. Therefore, the main contradiction in the Gansu area＇ s rural society in the period of The Republic Of China is not between the landlord and the peasant, but comes from the local governme

关 键 词：甘肃 农家经济 农民贫困 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K03[历史地理—历史学]