关于上帝存在的本体论证明的逻辑分析  

A Logical Analysis of Ontological Arguments of God's Existence

作　　者：张力锋[1] 孙晓东[2] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学现代逻辑与逻辑应用研究所 [2]江苏警官学院管理系

出　　处：《哲学研究》2009年第8期77-83,共7页Philosophical Research

基　　金：南京大学985工程宗教与文化创新基地项目"逻辑与宗教文化";中国博士后科学基金项目"模态逻辑的哲学研究"(编号20060390279)资助

摘　　要：St.Anselm proposed two versions of ontological argument for God’s existence.The first is well known.But it is confronted with Kant’s notorious criticism,i.e."existence is not a predicate".In a modern logical perspective,this version of ontological argument is not even qualified as a well-formed inference,for its premise is not a proposition or sentence but a propositional function.So there is no question of its being valid or sound.The second or modal version of Anselm’s ontological argument was "discovered" by Charles Hartshorne and Norman Malcolm.Hartshorne’s modal version of ontological argument is doubtful in its two premises,one of which looks upon "exist necessarily" as a predicate,while the other explicates possibility with conceivability.We do not think the first premise could get round the Kantian criticism.As to the second premise,ontological possibility cannot be confused with logical possibility,and with too thick psychological character,conceivability is not fit for explaining ontological possibility.Malcolm’s version of the modal argument gives a justification for the second premise,i.e.Anselm’s Principle.Malcolm’s strategy is interpreting modality in terms of tense.But in our opinion,modality and tense each fall into different philosophical categories.The study of ontological arguments shows the application of modern logic playing a key role therein.The key role manifests itself in the shift of linguistic paradigms in the study of philosophy of religion and the selection of logical inference rules.All in all,the logical analysis of ontological arguments indicates that both construction and development of ontological arguments depend on the correct application of logical techniques and means very much,and as to whether logic can be applied correctly in the study of religious philosophy,it lies on whether one has true knowledge of some important philosophical problems of logic or not.St.Anselm proposed two versions of ontological argument for God's existence.The first is well known.But it is confronted with Kant's notorious criticism,i.e.'existence is not a predicate'.In a modern logical perspective,this version of ontological argument is not even qualified as a well-formed inference,for its premise is not a proposition or sentence but a propositional function.So there is no question of its being valid or sound.The second or modal version of Anselm's ontological argument was 'discovered' by Charles Hartshorne and Norman Malcolm.Hartshorne's modal version of ontological argument is doubtful in its two premises,one of which looks upon 'exist necessarily' as a predicate,while the other explicates possibility with conceivability.We do not think the first premise could get round the Kantian criticism.As to the second premise,ontological possibility cannot be confused with logical possibility,and with too thick psychological character,conceivability is not fit for explaining ontological possibility.Malcolm's version of the modal argument gives a justification for the second premise,i.e.Anselm's Principle.Malcolm's strategy is interpreting modality in terms of tense.But in our opinion,modality and tense each fall into different philosophical categories.The study of ontological arguments shows the application of modern logic playing a key role therein.The key role manifests itself in the shift of linguistic paradigms in the study of philosophy of religion and the selection of logical inference rules.All in all,the logical analysis of ontological arguments indicates that both construction and development of ontological arguments depend on the correct application of logical techniques and means very much,and as to whether logic can be applied correctly in the study of religious philosophy,it lies on whether one has true knowledge of some important philosophical problems of logic or not.

关 键 词：本体论证明 逻辑分析 上帝 想象 心灵 事物 

分 类 号：B516.35[哲学宗教—外国哲学] H315.9[语言文字—英语]