水稻氮素利用效率的研究进展及其动向  

Advance of rice fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency

作　　者：徐富贤[1] 熊洪[1] 谢戎[1] 张林[1] 朱永川[1] 郭晓艺[1] 杨大金[2] 周兴兵[1] 刘茂[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所,四川泸州646000 [2]泸州市农业局,四川泸州646000

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2009年第5期1215-1225,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：粮食丰产科技工程(2006BAD02A05);农业科技成果转化资金(2006GB2F000256);四川省青年基金(04ZQ026-006);农业结构调整重大技术研究专项(2004-01-06B);四川省水稻育种攻关;国家水稻产业体系建设西南区项目

摘　　要：本文综述了国内外有关水稻基因型、根系生长、物质积累、生理代谢、植株性状与氮素利用效率关系的研究进展。指出水稻发根力强、根系发达的品种有利于提高对土壤氮素的吸收能力;分蘖力强,齐穗期粒叶比大,抽穗后干物质积累量大,库容量大,结实率、千粒重、生物产量和收割指数高的品种对氮素的利用效率高;其生理学特征表现为硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶和RuBP羧化酶的活性高。总结了从氮肥种类与平衡施肥、施肥方法与肥水运筹、氮肥精准施用技术方面提高稻田氮肥利用率的有效途径。提出了提高水稻氮效率的研究重点,即建立水稻氮素效率间接评价的有效方法、突出水稻氮素效率的遗传规律与品种选育工作,协调氮素高效吸收与高效利用矛盾的栽培策略和深化以叶色为基础的高效定量施氮技术研究4个方面。Fertilizers can become a source of pollution when they are used in excess. Reducing application rate of fertilizer-nitrogen use and increasing efficiency of fertilizer-nitrogen use for irrigate rice is an important task for the agricultural scientists. In this paper, research advances on relationship between efficiency of fertilizer-nitrogen use and the application method of fertilizer-nitrogen use, rice genotype differences, root growth, matter accumulation, physiological metabolism, plant characteristics were reviewed. Rice variety with stronger root system was in favor of raising the absorptive capacity of soil nitrogen; Stronger tillering ability, higher grain-leaf ratio at full heading stage, dry matter accumulation after heading stage, seed-setting rate, grain weight, yield and harvest index of cultivars resulted in higher nitrogen use efficiency. Its physiology characteristics were characterized by higher activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and the activity of RuBP carboxylase. Ways of increasing fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency （i.e. balancing between N and P, K, improving method of fertilizer-nitrogen and water management, and applying accurately fertilizer-nitrogen）, were also discussed. At last, research hotspots regarding N losses reduction and N use efficiency enhancement were put forward.

关 键 词：水稻 氮肥利用率 基因型差异 肥水管理 

分 类 号：S511.06[农业科学—作物学]