优化湖泊流域水环境的对策与关键技术——从物质循环及平衡观点看  

Key technology & strategy for optimizing water environments in lake catchments from point of view of substance circulation and balance

作　　者：濮培民[1] 李正魁[2] 成小英[3] 濮江平[4] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,南京210008 [2]南京大学环境学院污染与资源化研究国家重点实验室,南京210093 [3]江南大学环境与土木工程学院,无锡214122 [4]南京信息工程大学,南京210044

出　　处：《生态学报》2009年第9期5088-5097,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院;江苏省科技厅资助项目(BS90077;BS2007124);国家水利部太湖流域管理局;国家科技部;欧盟科技部资助项目(CII*-CT93-0094[DG12HSMU]);香港理工大学;日本河北泻湖沼研究所;江苏省环保局合作基金资助项目(2000-21-2-10);浙江省科技厅资助项目(2005C22020)

摘　　要：经济发展和生活水平提高对水量水质提出了更高要求,而用水越多、污水也越多,使安全水资源匮乏日益成为制约我国高速经济发展与生态保护的瓶颈。大力减少污染源排放无疑是极重要的,但目前湖泊流域内的第一、第二、第三产业都难于做到无污染排放,致使水系退化为纳污渠/库。因此目前同样极为重要的是要改善水质、修复水生态系统:从物质循环及平衡观点看,必须发展物理(电、磁、声、光、动力、微气泡等)、化学(慎用)、微生物、植物(水生、陆生+浮岛)、水生动物等综合高新技术,将水中污染物质加以资源化利用,实现以改善水质、优化水环境为主要目标的"环保资源化产业";它在政策支持下启动,不仅有重大社会生态效益,而且可逐步获取越来越多的经济效益。多年来为解决局部水质净化发展起来的物理生态工程(physic-ecological engineering,PEEN)丰富了水循环的含义,将水分循环从水量循环扩大为包括水质循环,使污染水恢复清洁,修复健康水生态系统,主要依靠太阳能因地制宜从局部到大范围,将大量营养盐(包括可能存在其中的毒物)转化为水生植物并取出予以分别利用,是有较高性价比、可操作的对策。采用物理生物削浪、水面植物-沉水植物斑马线式镶嵌、植物群落镶嵌、固定化氮循环细菌等技术,逐步扩大修复健康水生态系统的范围、降低营养盐水平、遏制藻类水华,同时低能耗地将含水量极高的水生植物进行收集、加工、储存、干燥和分别利用,发展可称为"生物环保产业(bio-environmental enterprise,BEE)"的"环保资源化产业"。通过此途径,可以加速水质循环过程,在入湖污染负荷未能到达控制富营养化阈值前实现控制湖泊富营养化和遏制藻类水华的目标。文中介绍了实现此目标的途径和关键技术。可以规模化、较廉价地提供饲料肥料和生产活性炭�Water resource per capita in China is just 1/4 of the world average and has large spatial variability across the country. Additionally, water quality issues, especially eutrophication and contamination, contribute to water scarcity in China. While reduction in pollutant release is high on the government＇s environmental agenda pollution control remains extremely difficult due to the very large amounts of wastewater produced by primary, secondary, and tertiary industry and from urban wastewater. In some cases, waterways in important lake basins are little more than wastewater canals and highly polluted reservoirs. In view of the difficulty in making large reductions in wastewater discharges to meet the needs of controlling eutrophication in waters a parallel activity must be one of aquatic system remediation. We propose, therefore, the development of the ＂Bio-Environmental Enterprise, BEE＂ that uses advanced technologies to remove pollutants from water and that transforms these pollutants into usable resources. This improves water quality and remediates the aquatic ecosystem. BEE adopts the principles of substance circulation and balance in the aquatic ecosystem, physical technologies （electric, magnetic, acoustic dynamic, micro air bubble, etc. ） , cautious use of chemical approaches for pollutant mitigation but bearing in mind the potential negative impacts on the environment, and biological techniques including use of microorganisms, plants （aquatic and floating islands containing terrestrial and hydrophilic plants） , and aquatic animals. Creation of ＂BEE＂ requires initial policy support by governments so that traditional and often failed engineering approaches （ e. g. dredging for remediation of eutrophic lakes） are no longer the preferred choice of managers. BEE has the capacity to develop extremely attractive economic opportunities for entrepreneurs as was the case during the environmental revolution of the 1970＇s One such BEE technology is that of the ＂Physical Ecological Engineeri

关 键 词：物质循环及平衡 物理生态工程 生物环保产业 富营养化控制 物理生态削浪 荒漠化治理 

分 类 号：X524[环境科学与工程—环境工程]