两河流域楔形文字文献中的狂犬和狂犬病  

Rabies and Rabid Dogs in the Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform Literature

作　　者：吴宇虹[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学世界古典文明史研究所

出　　处：《古代文明》2009年第4期35-47,共13页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

基　　金：东北师范大学哲学社会科学重大攻关项目(NENU-SKB2007005)成果

摘　　要：通过分析两河流域治病咒语中对恶狗咬人致死的疾病症状的描述，推断出它是现代医学中的狂犬病（恐水症）。在苏美尔文献中，有一种被称为ur-mu2—da或ur-idim的狗，它相当于阿卡德语的kalbu egum“疯狗”。本文讨论了大量提到疯狗和狂犬病的苏美尔语和阿卡德语的楔形文献：治疗和对抗狂犬病魔的咒语、预兆狂犬病流行的内脏占卜术和占星术的卜文、把狂犬病发生当作城将毁灭的奇特现象预兆文、《创世纪》神话中原始叛神提阿马特的军中的疯狗魔、古拉女神的宠物神犬。在谚语和书信中用它来比喻和讽刺恶人，在亚述王宫建筑中，凶恶的狂犬神被刻绘在宫殿大门上作为守门神。文中还引用了中国古代文献中的狂犬记载作为对比材料。An analysis of the symptoms of a disease described in incantations against the bite of a dog leads to its identification with rabies or hydrophobia.A particular type of dog, called ur-mu2-da or ur-idim in Sumerian literature, is correspondent with Akkadian kalbu ?eg?'rabid dog'.This article discusses many Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform texts concerning the rabid dog and rabies:incantations against rabies, hepatoscopy and astrological omens predicting an epidemic of rabies, and some religious texts, for instance, Tiamat's rabid dog in Genesis.In proverbs and letters, the word is used to satirize the evil person, and as the Door-god, the image of the rabid dog was inscribed on Assyrian palace doors.Besides, this study quotes ancient Chinese literary works concerning rabid dogs for a comparative study.

关 键 词：苏美尔语 阿卡德语 狂犬病祛病咒语 内脏占卜 魔怪 

分 类 号：R-09[医药卫生]