结构不良性、奇异性及其局限性  

Ill-Structuredness,Wickedness and Their Limitations

作　　者：杨冠琼[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学管理学院,教授北京100875

出　　处：《中国行政管理》2009年第11期109-115,共7页Chinese Public Administration

基　　金：科技部国家软科学资助课题(项目编号:2005DGS3BO31);国家自然科学基金资助项目(项目编号:70573014;70733001)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：近年来,随着科学技术的变迁与全球化程度的提高,公共问题日益成为困扰所有国家公共治理的共同问题。人们付出巨大的努力试图解决公共问题,然而各种公共问题却层出不穷。公共问题正在发生着结构性变迁。从本体论和认识论的角度正确理解公共问题的性质与特征,是理解、认识和正确对待公共问题及其结构性变迁、建构有效公共管理理论的基础和前提。西蒙和瑞特尔分别提出了"结构不良性"和"奇异性"的概念来概括公共问题的性质与特征,并成为人们识别与重新概括当代公共问题性质与特征的经典文献。然而,这两种概括都存在严重的历史局限性。识别和标识公共问题的性质与特征,与人们用来结构化问题的认知格局互为因果,既需要理解公共问题的发生机制与机理,更需要正确的理解与认识这些机制与机理的认知格局。因此,识别与标识公共问题的性质与特征必须坚持正确的策略原则。当代公共问题具有"复杂适应性"的性质,认识与把握这种性质,需要更新我们的认知格局。Public problems have been increasingly becoming the common theme that confounded the governance of each nation all over the world, along with the rapid progress of science and technology and the roaring tides of economic and social globalizations. Officials and experts from different disciplines have been making every effort to tackle the public problems, but the new and old ebbed and flowed eclectically and periodically. The public problems have been in the flux of structural changes. It is essential to understand, master and tackle the public problems and their structural changes correctly, and to construct effective public management theories that how the natures and characteristics of the public problems be conceptualized ontologically and epistemologically. Simon and Rittel proposed ＂Ill- structured＂ and ＂wicked＂ respectively to represent the natures and characteristics of the public problems, and their studies now become the classical literatures in re - conceptualizing the natures and characteristics of the contemporary public problems. These two conceptualizations have serious historical shortcomings and limitations. Conceptualizing and labeling the natures and characteristics of the public problems underlies and is underlain by, the cognitive schemes with which to structure the problems. Conceptualizing and labeling the natures and characteristics of the public problems, therefore, need stick to appropriate strategic principles. The public problems today are of the nature of ＂complex adaptiveness＂, and new cognitive schemes are needed to understand and master this nature.

关 键 词：公共问题 结构不良性 奇异性 复杂适应性 

分 类 号：D035[政治法律—政治学]