米草属植物在中国海岸带的分布现状  

Distribution of Spartina plantations along the China's coast

作　　者：左平[1,2] 刘长安[3] 赵书河[2] 王春红[2] 梁玉波[3] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏南京210093 [2]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,江苏南京210093 [3]国家海洋局国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁大连116023

出　　处：《海洋学报》2009年第5期101-111,共11页

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(40606025);国家海洋局"九○八"专项基金(908-01-ZH3;908-ZC-Ⅱ-03)

摘　　要：结合遥感调查、现场定位,辅以文献检索、函调、电子邮件、电话等调查方式分析了4种米草属植物自引种以来在我国海岸带分布的历史及现状,结果表明,因人类围垦活动、大米草(Spartina anglica)的自身退化以及与互花米草存在生态位竞争关系,大米草在全国海岸带的分布面积不足16 hm2,呈退化趋势。大绳草(Spartina cynosuriodes)尚未在实验地种植,狐米草(Spartina patens)仅在苏北、天津市的部分区域有少量种植。这两种米草没有对本土生态系统造成入侵威胁。互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)自1979年引种以来在全国海岸带被广泛种植,后经自然扩散,目前面积已达34451 hm2。结合我国的海岸带特征与互花米草的生态位,可以把其生长区域明显分为三部分:一是福建省福鼎市以南的海岸带滩涂,可能与红树林潜在的生态位竞争有关系;二是河口区域,如在长江口的崇明东滩,互花米草与本土植物表现出明显的竞争关系;三是在其他滩涂区域,该物种可能对本土生态系统造成一定程度的影响,在某些区域可能已经表现出一定的入侵性,但是其带来的促淤造陆、保滩护岸等巨大的生态效益也不应忽视。由于我国海岸带地质地貌类型复杂,互花米草在不同区域表现出不同的定植和扩散能力,与本土植被的竞争关系也明显不同。因此,在评价互花米草所造成的生态后果时,应从不同的角度出发进行全面、系统、客观、公正地评价。Four Spartina plantations, been introduced to China since 1963. China since anglica, S. alterniflora, S. patens and S. cynosuriodes, have anglica and S. alterniflora have been widely planted along the ＇s coast and arousing hot discussions and 2000. The survey shows that S. anglica China＇s coast. However, S. alternifl Municipality, Shandong Province, Ji arguments about their effects and characteristics of invasion has been greatl ora has widely spread to yd Li angsu Province, Shanghai egraded and only 16 hm^2 are left along the aoning Province, Hebei Province, Tianjin Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, the Zhuangzu Autonomous Region of Guangxi and Hong Kong with an area of 34 451 hm^2 till 2007. The distribution of S. alterniflora can be divided into three parts according to its ecological niche and the characteristics of the China＇s coast. One is the tidal flats to the south part of Fuding, Fujian Province, which shows potential competition with mangrove ecosystem. The other is estuaries, especially in the Changjiang Estuary, which shows obvious competition with native reeds and Scirpus mariqueter. The third is coastal tidal flats in the China＇s coast, which shows ambiguous effects among its economic, environmental, ecological benefits and invasive threats against local ecosystem. S. alterniflora has shown different colonization capacity and spreading capacity in different areas in China＇s coast according to its distribution. Therefore, further studies and assessments on the ecological effects caused by S. alterniflora in the China＇s coast should be scientifically evaluated.

关 键 词：米草属植物 互花米草 分布现状 生态因子 中国海岸带 

分 类 号：Q949.714.3[生物学—植物学]