莱夷玉文化板块探析——胶县三里河大汶口文化玉器解读  

A Constituent Section of the Tectonic Plate of the Lai-Yi Jade Culture:An Interpretative Reading of the Dawenkou Culture Jades Found in Sanlihe,Jiaoxian County

作　　者：杨伯达[1] 

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院研究室

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2009年第6期99-111,共13页Palace Museum Journal

摘　　要：胶县三里河大汶口文化玉器有璇玑形玉环(玉圆孔边刃三牙器)、玉镞(包括方、圆两种锥形器和四式玉镞)、钏、耳坠、管、环以及鞍形饰、马蹄形饰共35件。玉圆孔边刃三牙器应为女巫事神的玉神器,玉镞中的12件用作尸主口中之唅(琀),体现了鬼神食玉的原始巫教理念。由于三里河大汶口文化遗址和墓葬的地理位置靠山面海,不可避免带有海洋性文化的特点,玉圆孔边刃三牙器就是海洋性玉文化的的象征和例证。距今4500年前后,女巫以玉圆孔边刃三牙器事神,标志着其原始宗教仍处于女巫事神的早期阶段,远远落后于东北夷、东夷两大玉文化男巫为教主的阶段。大汶口文化始于公元前4300年,到公元前2500年前后发展为山东龙山文化。该文化处于北夷、南越两大玉文化板块之间,昊夷玉文化板块之东,故厘定为莱夷玉文化板块。三里河大汶口文化玉器中的玉圆孔边刃器的出现,是莱夷玉文化板块即胶东半岛玉文化板块的标志和结晶,而胶县三里河一带也就是两个玉文化板块的碰撞带和撞击点。Thirty-five Dawenkou culture jades were discovered at the Sanlihe site in Jiaoxian County,Shandong Province,including a xuanji-shaped jade huan(a jade with a round bore, and three serrations at the edge),jade arrows(quadrilateral and rounded awl-like objects and four jade arrows),clasps,ear ornaments,tubes,huan,and saddle-shaped and horse hoof-shaped decorative pieces.The xuanji-shaped jade huan would have been a deity served by female shamans,while twelve of the jade arrows were probably plugs to be placed in the mouths of the deceased embodying the shamanic concept that ghosts and deities devoured jade.The location and placement of the graves on a mountain facing the sea inevitably suggest a maritime culture and also that the xuanji-shaped jade huan has maritime cultural symbolism and features.Around 4500 years ago,the female shaman would have employed this object in worship,signifying that there was an early stage in primitive religion in which female shamans conducted worship and this was very much more backward than the stage attained by the North-eastern and Eastern Yi cultures in which male shamans presided.The Dawenkou culture emerged prior to 4300 BCE and around 2500 BCE it developed into the Shandong Longshan culture.This culture was slotted between the tectonic plates of the Northern Yi and Southern Yue jade cultures,and to the east of the Hao-Yi jade culture plate and so it can be regarded as the Lai-Yi jade culture plate.The appearance of the xuanji-shaped jade huan among the jades of the Sanlihe Dawenkou culture is a sign and crystallization of the jade culture of the Jiaodong Peninsula,and the Sanlihe district of Jiaoxian County would have been the area where the two jade cultures impacted.

关 键 词：玉圆孔边刃三牙器 琀 鬼神食玉 莱夷玉文化板块 玉文化碰撞带 

分 类 号：K876.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]