汉语光杆名词指称特性的历时演变  

Diachronic Changes of the Referential Properties of Bare Nouns in Chinese

作　　者：董秀芳[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系汉语语言学研究中心计算语言学教育部重点实验室,北京100871

出　　处：《语言研究》2010年第1期11-20,共10页Studies in Language and Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"汉语的词汇化与句法演变"(08CYY022);香港政府研究资助局(Research Grants Council)资助(644507)

摘　　要：从古至今,汉语的光杆名词都可以表达定指和类指,但其表达不定指的功能则受到了限制。也可以说,定指和类指从古到今都可以无标记地表达,但不定指范畴逐渐从无标记的表达变为有时要强制性地加上标记。主语位置上不定指表达从可以用光杆名词或"有+光杆名词(+VP)"来表达变为一般采用"有+一+量+NP(+VP)"来表达,"一+量"可以看作不定指的标记。宾语位置上的不定指表达也从用光杆名词为常变为用"(VP+)一+量+NP"为常。从历时演变中的表现来看,表达类指和定指是光杆名词的本质功能,其中,表达类指是光杆名词最本质的功能。Bare nouns in Chinese can have definite and generic readings throughout the history, but its capacity of having indefinite readings was declining over time. In another words, definite and generic reference can be expressed in an unmarked way throughout the history, whereas indefinite reference became to need a specific marker under many circumstances. On the subject position, bare nouns or ＂you （have）＋bare noun＂ could express indefinite reading in Old Chinese, but in Modem Chinese, ＂you（have）＋yi（one）＋classifier＋NP＂ should be used, in which ＂yi （one）＋classifier＂ can be regarded as the marker for indefiniteness. On the object position, indefiniteness was often expressed by bare nouns in Old Chinese, but in Modem Chinese, ＂（Verb＋）yi （one）＋ classifier＋NP＂ is more often used. From the diachronie perspective, expressing generic and definite readings are the intrinsic functions of bare nouns, and expressing generic readings is the most fundamental function of bare nouns.

关 键 词：光杆名词 指称 定指 不定指 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]