关于“以史为鉴”的对话  

A Dialogue on "History as Mirror"

作　　者：刘家和[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2010年第1期95-105,共11页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目"中外史学理论比较研究"(04JZD00027)

摘　　要："以史为鉴",中国传统对此深信不疑。可是,它的存在与价值一方面面临西方理性主义思想传统的有力挑战;另一方面作为一种"隐喻",也非全无问题,有必要加以逻辑与事实的论证。关于第一方面。黑格尔在其《历史哲学》中对历史经验的存在和价值表达了明确的否定态度,从他的话里可以揭示出三个问题:其一,历史经验给了我们的教训是,从来没有人从中得到任何教训;其二,即使有历史经验教训,人们也有拒绝的自由;其三,在古今变易中究竟有无相同或相通的经验教训。关于问题一的回答是:黑氏所说乃是悖论(paradox)。关于问题二的回答是:诚如黑格尔所言,对于历史教训之取舍,人们有自己的选择自由,可是对这一自由的选择结果,就不再有选择的自由了。而且,选择的历史前提条件也是不可以自由选择的。从拒绝接受历史教训而失败的例证,人们可以证明历史教训是存在而且起作用的。选择自由只不过是不自由中的自由而已。关于问题三的回答是:没有。为什么?因为历史的经验教训既然是在历史中产生的,那么它就必然离不开它所由以产生的历史条件,也就必然具有历史性。人类既然生存于历史长河中,那就只能满足于具有历史性的历史经验教训。不过,历史的"变"之中也有其"常",历史流程中的相对稳定性或"常"在不同层次上并不相同,总之,只要在某个层次上有关的历史条件仍然存在,相应的经验教训就是有效的。关于第二方面。可以提出两个问题。其一,以镜为鉴(就是镜),看到的是自己,而以史为鉴(镜),看到的却是它者,历史如何能够为镜?其二,"鉴"字源于"监"字,监的本义是人从器皿的静水中照见自己,而历史则是长江大河,江河流水如何可以为镜?关于问题一的回答是:我们通过作为中介的镜子里所见到的自己只是自己的影象,它并非真实的自己,而是自己的它�As for ＂Yi Shi Wei Jian＂ （history as mirror）, the Chinese tradition has never had any doubt about it. How- ever, its existence and value on the one hand faces drastic challenges from the western rationalist tradition; and on the other hand this metaphor is of course NOT free from problem and hence demands argumentation in regard to logic and facts. As for the former issue, Hegel expressed explicit negative attitude towards the existence and value of historical ex- perience in The Philosophy of History, and three problems can be figured out from what he stated. First, what experience and history teaches is that peoples and governments never have learned anything from history. Second, even if historical experience has ever given us any lesson, human beings have the freedom of refusal. Third, it is doubtful whether there should have similar or internally related experience and lesson. The answer to the first issue is that what Hegel said is a paradox. The answer to the second issue is that, even if what Hegel said is true that man has the freedom of selection, the selection result by this freedom means no freedom at all. Moreover, the historical prerequisite for selection means no freedom either. One can prove, from the cases of which refusal of accepting historical lesson yields failure, that histori- cal lesson does exist and function. Selection freedom is nothing but freedom out of non--freedom. The answer to the third issue is NO. The reason lies in that, since historical experience and lesson arises from history, it must be bound with its historical condition under which it occurs and hence have historicality. Human beings live in history, so they carl only satisfy the historical experience and lesson of historicality. Nevertheless, the ＂change＂ of history also conceives ＂constancy＂, which, as being of relative stability, appears different at different levels. In one word,if the historical con- dition still exists at certain level, the associated experience and lesson works. As for the second as

关 键 词：以史为鉴 历史经验教训 黑格尔 《历史哲学》 反映/反思:中介 隐喻 

分 类 号：K01[历史地理—历史学]