更新城市研究中的空间视角和分析框架  

Updating Spatial Perspectives and Analytical Frameworks in Urban Research

作　　者：沈青[1] 刘贤腾[2] 翁加坤[2] 

机构地区：[1]美国华盛顿大学城市设计与规划系 [2]南京大学城市与区域规划系

出　　处：《国际城市规划》2010年第2期53-61,共9页Urban Planning International

摘　　要：要理解许多当代城市问题,必须从包含了地理、技术和社会经济等维度的空间视角出发。作者在文中首次提出一个将地理区位、交通方式与通讯手段、有关的社会经济特征等视为要素的空间视角。这些要素一起决定了有效距离及由有效距离而定的场所及人的空间处境。对这个视角进行理论探讨后,作者使用波士顿都市区的通勤数据来做分析,举例说明了能影响空间相互作用的各种要素。作者接下来应用这个空间视角,对两个重要城市研究领域里的关键问题提出新见解。领域之一是城市低收入劳动力市场,关注的是在都市区经济活动日益分散的情况下获得就业机会的问题。运用与所提出的空间视角相一致的分析框架发现,在美国城市劳动力市场中,劳动者空间处境的主要决定因素是他们的交通方式而不是他们的居住区位。另一个领域是远程通讯,关注的是远程通讯对出行行为和居住区位选择的影响。通过研究地理、技术和社会经济要素在构成及跨越物质活动空间与虚拟活动空间时的作用,我们能够增强空间分析能力,从而理解不同情境下的远程通讯的空间效应。A spatial perspective that encompasses geographic, technological, and socioeconomic dimensions is required for understanding many problems in contemporary cities. In this article the author first presents a spatial perspective that views geographic location, transportation mode and communications means, and relevant socioeconomic characteristics as factors jointly determining fimctional distance and hence the spatial positions of places and people. The theoretical discussion of this perspective is followed by an empirical analysis of commuting data for the Boston Metropolitan Area to illustrate the wide range of factors influencing spatial interaction. The author then applies this spatial perspective to address key issues in two important areas of urban research. One area is urban low-income labor markets, focusing on questions concerning access to employment opportunities in dispersing metropolitan economies. Using an analytical framework coherent with the spatial perspective described here, it is found that workers＇ spatial position in an urban labor market in the United States is determined primarily by their transportation mode, not by their residential location. The other area is telecommuting, focusing on the effects of telecommunications on travel behavior and residential location choice. By examining the roles of geographic, technological, and socioeconomic factors in forming and traversing the physical and virtual components of activity space, it is shown that analytical capacity can be created for understanding spatial impacts of telecommunications under different scenarios.

关 键 词：空间视角 分析框架 城市研究 劳动力市场 远程通讯 

分 类 号：TU984.113[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]