四岁儿童的自我参照效应研究  

A Study on Self-reference Effect in Children aged 4 Years

作　　者：周爱保[1] 刘沛汝[1] 史战[1] 张鹏英[1] 吴慧芬[1] 李琼[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学心理学系,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《心理发展与教育》2010年第3期239-244,共6页Psychological Development and Education

摘　　要：本研究通过两个实验探讨4岁儿童的自我参照效应。实验1与实验2分别采用3(4岁、5岁与7岁儿童)×2(自我参照与他人参照)与2(3岁与4岁儿童)×2(自我参照与他人参照)的混合设计。120名被试对物品进行所有权(ownership)识别并报告"这是我的××"或"这是李明的××",然后将图片放入相应的纸盒并再次报告,两分钟后进行自由回忆。结果显示:(1)自我参照条件下4岁组、5岁组与7岁组儿童自由回忆率有显著差异,他人参照条件下没有差异;(2)自我参照条件下4岁组儿童的自由回忆率显著高于3岁组,他人参照条件下没有差异。这说明,4岁儿童已经具有自我参照效应,同时,随着年龄的增长,自我参照条件下的自由回忆率呈现递增趋势,表明儿童自我参照效应的发展性特点。We adopted two experiments to explore developmental trend of the self-reference effect and determine the age at which children begin to show the self-reference effect. One is a 3 （age： 4, 5 and 7 years old） × 2 （cue： self-reference and other-reference） mixed design and 72 children participated ; another is a 2 （ age ： 3 and 4 years old） ×2 （cue： self-reference and other-reference） mixed design and 48 children participated. Each of the twelve object pictures was marked with sign which means the object belongs to ＂me＂ or ＂Li Ming＂, pictures were random- ly presented sequentially, children were asked to report aloud ＂This is my ×× ＂ or ＂This is Li Ming＇s ×× ＂ according to the signs, then received the picture from the experimenter and placed the picture in a paper box which was marked with the corresponding sign, then presented the next one. Two minutes later, a surprised recall test was required. The results showed as follows： （ 1 ） there was significant difference among 4-, 5- and 7-year-olds under the self-reference condition, but no difference was found under the other-reference condition; （2） the 4-year-olds recalled more than the 3-year-olds under the self-reference condition, and there was no difference under the other-reference condition. The results indicated 4-year-olds can show self-reference advantage, meanwhile, with the growth of age, recall rate demonstrated a developmental trend under the self-reference condition, which suggested the developmental characteristic of the self-reference in childhood. To date, the previous studies （Sui ＆ Zhu, 2005） which explored the development of the self-reference discovered the self-reference at 5 years old. We suggest that when tasks are suitable for children who are from at least 18 months old to 4 years old, SRE would emerge in these children, which is consisted with Marsh et al. （2002） who suggested that 18-month-old children can recognize themselves in mirrors.

关 键 词：自我 自我参照效应 所有权 幼儿 

分 类 号：B844.1[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]