生态补偿的概念、标准及政府的作用——基于人类活动对生态系统作用类型分析  

Concept and Standard of Ecological Compensation,and Role of Government:Based on Types of the Roles of Human Activities to Ecological System

作　　者：王兴杰[1,2] 张骞之 刘晓雯[1] 温武军[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学山东省可持续发展研究中心,山东济南250014 [2]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [3]济南高新技术开发区征地拆迁收储中心,山东济南250101

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2010年第5期41-50,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金："十一五"国家科技支撑计划重点项目"提高区域协调度的多尺度计算机仿真技术研发"(No.2006BAC18B00)"生态补偿关键技术开发与示范应用"课题(No.2006BAC18B04)成果

摘　　要：将人类活动对生态系统的作用分为10种可能的类型,其中,未引起生态系统服务变化的人类活动、生态系统破坏行为、不可更新资源开发利用及对具有非公共物品属性的生态系统服务的开发利用不属于生态补偿的范畴。生态补偿通过调节对具有公共物品或准公共物品属性的生态系统服务的作用过程中相关方的利益关系,实现外部效应内部化,以可持续提供生态系统服务。理论上,受损者依据其受损的成本和生态系统服务价值获得补偿;受益者依据其开发生态系统服务的获利或其享用的额外的生态系统服务价值而付费。其中,生态系统服务价值的计算应从总的生态系统服务价值量中区分存量价值和增量价值,从增量价值中区分自然资本和人造资本,从人造资本中提取出外部性价值;受损成本包括直接成本、机会成本和发展成本。实践中往往通过利益相关方的谈判确定最终补偿标准。政府的介入显著提高了生态补偿的运行效率,降低了交易成本,保障了公平和谐,但政府不是生态补偿的利益相关方。政府站在利益相关方之外,有利于更好地发挥政府在生态补偿中的职能,促进生态补偿高质量、高效率地实施。Roles of human activities to ecological system can be divided into ten possible types. Human activities, destroy of ecological system and development and utilization of non-reweable resources that have not changed ecological system service and development and utilization of ecological system service with non-public article attribute, are not ecological compensation. Through adjusting relations of stakeholders in ecological system service with public article attribute and quasi-public article attribute, ecological system service realizes interalization of external effect and sustainable utilization of ecological system. Theoretically, sufferer obtains compensation according to the cost of loss and ecological service value. Beneficiary pays according to benefits from developing ecological system service or enjoying extra ecological system service value. When evaluting ecological system service value, ecological system service value can be divided into stock value and incremental value in total ecological system service value. Incremental value can be divided into natural capital and artificial capital. External value is obtained from artifical capital. The cost of loss consists of direct cost, opportunity cost and devlopment cost. The final compensation standard is determined through negotiation of stakeholders in practice. Intervening of government obviously improves running efficiency of ecological compensation, reduces trade cost and ensures equity and harmony. However, government is not the stakeholder of ecological compensation. The government playing a role beyond stakeholds is better to realize its function in ecological compensation, improve ecological compensation quality and improve efficiency of implementaion.

关 键 词：生态补偿 生态系统服务 外部性 利益相关方 补偿标准 政府 

分 类 号：F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学] X22[环境科学与工程—环境科学]