“云玉”、“云石”、“绿玉”之名实考析  

A Research of Name and Entity of Yunyu,Yunshi and Luyu

作　　者：杨伯达[1] 

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院研究室

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2010年第4期67-80,共14页Palace Museum Journal

摘　　要：通过查证清内廷《养心殿造办处各作成做活计清档》、《贡档》及实物上所系的黄签、编目卡片记载,并与实物互为对证和分析,可知"云玉"、"云石"均为云南总督、巡抚及衙役常用的名称,是不同等级的缅甸翡翠的别名,变缅甸翡翠为云南所产的"玉石",作为"土贡"贡进内廷。"绿玉"是内廷太监、衙役所用的翡翠别称,在内廷,下从衙役、太监,上到皇帝,均亦接受并应用上述专用名称。在派出的织造、盐政、税关等监督少有使用,而多用"翡翠"一名。"翠根"、"翠玉根"、"翠玉"等名称均为本院有关工作人员的用词,均指劣等翡翠而言,与云南督抚和内廷无关,确为参酌古玩界的经验提出的关于劣质玉的变通名称。A textual study of The Files of The Workshops of The Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yang Xin Dian Zao Ban Chu Ge Zuo Cheng Zuo Huo Ji Qing Dang《养心殿造办处各作成做活计 清档》),The Files of Tributes(Gong Dang《贡档》) of the Inner Court of Qing Dynasty,the yellow labels to the objects,the catalog cards and checks against the real objects has proved that Yunyu,Yunshi were the common names that the governors-general,grand coordinators and officers of Yunan province used to call the Burmese emeralds of any grades.They then renamed them Yushi to pay as the local tributes to the imperial palace.Luyu was another name for the emeralds owned by eunuchs and officers of the inner court.All the titles mentioned above were popular among emperors,eunuchs and officers inside the inner court,but seldom used by the surveillance institutions of Textiles,Salt and Customs who preferred to name jade Feicui while on business.As for the terms of Cuigen,Cuiyugen and Cuiyu,they are alternative names among the staff of the Palace Museum to call the emeralds with inferior quality by reference to the experience from antique circle but have nothing to do with the civil and military governors of Yunnan province or the inner court of that time.

关 键 词：云玉 云石 绿玉 翠根 翠玉根 翠玉 

分 类 号：K875[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]