体育竞赛的仪式过程分析  

Analysis of the ritual process of sports competitions

作　　者：谭红春[1] 

机构地区：[1]厦门大学体育教学部,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《体育学刊》2010年第10期32-36,共5页Journal of Physical Education

摘　　要：借助"通过仪式"理论,对仪式与体育的关系进行了分析,认为体育竞赛的全过程是一个典型的通过仪式,其"训练-比赛-再训练"的结构与仪式的"分离(前阈限)-过渡(阈限)-整合(后阈限)"的三段式结构相契合。在这3个阶段中体育也彰显出不同的社会文化功能:前阈限时期,超常的艰苦训练被赋予某种神圣性,促成了运动员从"人"到"神"的转变,是塑造成功运动员的必要条件;阈限时期,比赛创造了一个有别于世俗世界的"神圣空间",运动员得以在这个"公平、公正、公开"的理想世界里实现自我,观众则得以体验集体狂欢;后阈限时期,比赛分出了高下,运动员的社会角色发生变换,随之开始反思与超越。运动员正是在仪式般"训练-比赛-再训练"的轮回中历练与成熟。By means of the ＂rites of passage＂ theory,the author analyzed the relations between rite and sport,and put forward the following opinions： the whole process of sports competitions can be deemed as a typical rite of passage,and its ＂training-competition-retraining＂ structure corresponds with such a 3-stage structure of rites as ＂separation （pre-limen）-transition （limen）-integration （post-limen）＂;in these 3 stages,sport also presents different social and cultural functions： in the pre-limen period,extraordinarily hard training is endowed with a certain sort of holiness,which promotes the transformation of athletes from ＂human＂ to ＂god＂,being a necessary condition for making successful athletes;in the limen period,competitions create a ＂holy world＂ different from the earthly world,in which athletes realize their egos in this ideal world of ＂fairness,justness and openness＂,while the audience experience collective sprees;in the post-limen period,competitions turn out their winners and losers,and athletes change their social roles,then start retrospecting and surpassing;it is in the rite like recycling of ＂training-competition-retraining＂ that athletes are forged and become mature.

关 键 词：体育人类学 体育竞赛 仪式 阈限 

分 类 号：G80-05[文化科学—运动人体科学]