基于交通承灾体的低能见度致灾因子研究  

STUDY OF LOW-VISIBILITY HAZARD BASED ON TRAFFIC EXPOSURE

作　　者：白媛[1] 张建松[1] 潘东华[1] 王静爱[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院,北京师范大学区域地理研究实验室,北京100875 [2]地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室(北京师范大学),北京100875

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（自然科学版）》2010年第5期624-629,共6页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science)

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划资助项目(2006BAD20B03)

摘　　要：基于灾害系统理论,通过对低能见度灾害案例梳理,构建由大雾、暴雨、沙尘暴、降雪4个灾种构成的低能见度灾害致灾因子分类系统,并提出了低能见度灾害链.以灾害发生的相对频度为低能见度灾害危险性指标,编制危险性图谱,并通过GIS空间叠加分析形成低能见度灾害类型-频度图.对低能见度灾害的空间分异及组合规律分析的结果表明:大雾和暴雨高危险性区域分别覆盖了全国高速公路的24%和18%,机场的16.6%和12.9%;其中具有4个灾种影响的低能见度致灾区域覆盖了全国38个城市和22%人口;具有3个灾种影响的致灾区域覆盖全国308个城市和57.9%人口.因此,低能见度灾害的综合评价对交通运输管理部门的风险防范有着重要的指导作用和现实意义.With development of traffic industry （airlines and highways）, road and air space visibility has become more and more important. Low-visibility has become one of the main causes for traffic disaster. Lowvisibility disaster cases can be classified by theory of disaster system. Low-visibility hazard classification system, made of heavy fog, heavy rain, dust storm and snow, was constructed, and chain of low-visibility disaster was proposed. The relative disaster frequency as disaster fatalness index was considered, atlas for single disaster was made, and style-frequency map of low-visibility by special overlay analysis in GIS was formed. Space layout and the law was investigated. It was found that high-danger district for heavy fog covers 24~ highways, and 16.6% airports all over the country; high-danger district for heavy rain covers 18% highways, and 2.9% airports. Tetrad low-visibility disaster district covers 38 cities, or 22% population. Triple low-visibility disaster district covers 308 cities, or 57.9% population. So the integrated assessment of low-visibility disaster gives very important guidance and has practical significance for risk avoidance for traffic administration.

关 键 词：雾 暴雨 沙尘暴 降雪 交通承灾体 危险性 

分 类 号：X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治]