条件推理的语义关系表达形式效应  

Effect of the Representation of Semantic Relations of Conditionals on Conditional Reasoning

作　　者：王墨耘[1] 高坡[1] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学心理学院,西安710062

出　　处：《心理学报》2010年第12期1137-1147,共11页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学规划项目"条件推理的语义关系理解理论"(项目号09YJAXLX016);国家自然科学基金面上项目(项目号31070901);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(项目号GK261001)

摘　　要：作者用以大学生为被试的实验考察,基本条件句语义关系表达形式(充分关系、必要关系和析取关系表达形式)和作为心理模型外显建构的可能性判断任务对条件推理的可能影响。实验结果发现,条件推理的语义关系表达形式效应显著,条件句语义关系表达形式对被试条件推理有显著的影响,条件推理成绩随条件句语义关系表达的外显程度增加而增加;被试在可能性判断任务中对条件句所含心理模型的外显建构并没有明显改善条件推理的成绩;在有可能性判断任务条件下,被试外显心理模型建构的成绩变化模式并不能一致地预测条件推理成绩的变化模式。这些结果说明,人们的条件推理可能并不是完全基于心理模型建构,而是还受对条件句前后件之间语义关系理解的影响;条件句表达形式中语义关系的外显内隐模式影响对条件句语义关系的知觉理解难易,从而影响相应条件推理的成绩。Conditional reasoning is a basic inference in ordinary life and scientific research.For a conditional ＂if p,then q＂,there are two kinds of certain semantic relations： p is sufficient for q,and q is necessary for p.There are three logically equivalent representations of semantic relations of the conditional： if p,then q;only if q,p;not p,or q.In the sufficient representation ＂if p,then q＂,the sufficiency of p for q is explicit,and the necessity of q for p is implicit.In the necessary representation ＂only if q,p＂,the sufficiency of p for q is implicit,and the necessity of q for p is explicit.In the disjunctive representation ＂not p,or q＂,the sufficiency of p for q is implicit,and the necessity of q for p is implicit.The author supposed that the implicit-explicit representation of semantic relations in conditionals would affect people＇s perception and understanding of semantic relations（sufficient or necessary relation） in conditionals,which would further affect people＇s conditional inferences.The explicit representation of semantic relations would improve correspondent condition inferences,whereas the implicit representation of semantic relations would impair correspondent condition inferences.However,there is no previous study on the influence of representation of semantic relations of conditionals on conditional inferences. The present experiment examined the possible influences of two between-subjects factors on conditional inferences for basic conditionals.One factor was the representation of semantic relations of the three logically equivalent conditionals which had three levels： the sufficient conditionals;the necessary conditionals;the disjunctive conditionals.The other factor concerning possibility judgment had two levels： the absence or presence of the task of possibility judgment in which participants judged whether the four cases（p and q;not p and q;not p and not q;p and not q） relevant to conditionals are possible given the conditionals.The task is to construct explic

关 键 词：条件推理 语义关系 充分 必要 析取 心理模型 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]