商代的拜祭与御祭  

THE BAIJI(SUPPLICATING SACRIFICES)AND YUJI(EXORCISING SACRIFICES)OF THE SHANG DYNASTY

作　　者：连劭名[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京教育学院,北京100044

出　　处：《考古学报》2011年第1期23-56,共34页Acta Archaeologica Sinica

摘　　要：商代崇尚鬼神，祭祀频繁。《礼记·祭义》：“因物之精，制为之极，明命鬼神，以为黔首则，百众以畏，万民以服。”根据殷墟甲骨刻辞的记载，商代的重要祀典除岁祭外，还有拜祭与御祭，二者目的截然相反，拜祭为了求福，御祭为了除祸。《说文》：“福，祜也。”The bone divination inscriptions unearthed from Yinxu in Anyang reflected that in the Shang Dynasty,the sacrificing ceremonies were frequently held to both the favorable and evil supernatural beings.In addition to the annual sacrifice,the most important sacrifices in the Shang Dynasty as the oracle bone inscriptions were Baiji拜祭 and Yuji御祭,the intentions of which were completely opposite:Baiji was held to pray for blessings and Yuji was held to get rid of misfortunes.Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty glossed in Shuowen Jiezi说文解字(Commentary of the Explanation and Study of Principles of Composition of Characters)that 'Fu福 means You (blessing of the favorable deities)' and 'Huo祸 means Hai害(harm,disaster)and the deities not bless'.Huo祸 and Fu福 were just the ominous and auspicious things.Sacrifice was an important content of political activities of the Shang Dynasty.Most of the royal ancestors could be offered with Baiji individually while sometimes some of the royal ancestors were also offered with Baiji collectively;anyway,the goal of the Baiji was the same to supplicate for favorable weathers and good harvests.The deities of mountains and rivers and other natural objects were also offered with Baiji in diversified ways and complicated procedures.In the Shang Dynasty,the Heaven's revelations were also offered with Baiji,as well as military actions for victory.The Yuji was just the sacrificial ceremonies of averting or exorcising,the goals of which were to avoid disasters and warfare and to get rid of devils and diseases.The large-scale Yuji would be held for several days and large numbers of animals would be paid as sacrifices.In the divination inscriptions of Li Group unearthed in Yinxu,the records of holding Yuji to a Father Ding mentioned that over 100 heads of cattle were used as sacrifices.The Shang Kings usually held Yuji for some specific reasons,such as the severe disease,body disease,tooth disease,finger or toe disease,ear disease,etc.Many aristocrat titles and names appeared i

关 键 词：商代 殷墟甲骨刻辞 《说文》 鬼神 

分 类 号：K877.1[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]