从“分布形态理论”看汉语的词类  

Parts of Speech in Chinese from the Perspective of Distributed Morphology

作　　者：林巧莉[1] 韩景泉[1] 

机构地区：[1]中南大学外国语学院,湖南长沙410083

出　　处：《外国语》2011年第2期47-55,共9页Journal of Foreign Languages

基　　金：湖南省社会科学基金(项目编号：09YBA165);香港研究资助局(RGC)基金(项目编号：9041288与项目编号：9041610)的资助

摘　　要：针对汉语中普遍存在的词类与语法功能的失称现象,作者指出,词类划分所带来的困惑以及由此引发的争议产生于把词以及词类(即语类)的形成都归功于词库的"词汇主义"观点。本文的研究表明,在主张"非词汇主义"的"分布形态理论"的框架下,汉语的相关事实都能得到合理的解释。根据该理论,词是语素通过"合并"等形式手段在句法运算中生成的:词根通过与某个定义语类的功能语素构成局部结构关系而获得语类标签。因此,词类或语类并非词库的规定,而是句法结构的衍生物。汉语为"分布形态理论"的合理性提供了进一步的跨语言证据。在该理论假设的基础上,汉语和英语的事实被纳入同一种分析机制中,两种语言之间的差异也被归因于词根的不同属性以及PF层局部的形态音系操作。Aiming at the prevalent mismatches between parts of speech and grammatical fimctions in Chinese, the author points out that the confusion brought about by word classification and the resulting disputes grow out of the lexicalist view that ascribes the formation of words and parts of speech （or categories） to the lexicon. The study shows that the relevant Chinese facts can be given a unified account under the framework of Distributed Morphology （ DM ） that is based on the non-lexicalist view, according to which words are generated in the syntactic computation by morphemes through formal devices such as ＂ Merge＂, so that roots are categorized by virtue of being in a local structural relationship with one of the category-defining functional heads. Therefore, parts of speech or categories are not regulations of the lexicon but are derivatives of the syntactic structure. Chinese facts provide further cross-linguistic evidence for the validity of DM. Under the basic assumptions of this theory, Chinese and English facts are subordinated to tile same analytic mechanism and discrepancies between the two languages are attributed to the different properties of the roots and the local morpho-phonological operations at PF.

关 键 词：词类 语类 范畴化 分布形态理论 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]