灾害救助评估理论方法研究与展望  

Research and Prospect of Theoretical Methods for Disaster Relief Assessment

作　　者：廖永丰 聂承静[2,3] 胡俊锋 杨林生[2] 

机构地区：[1]民政部国家减灾中心,北京100053 [2]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [3]中国科学院研究生院,北京100049

出　　处：《灾害学》2011年第3期126-132,共7页Journal of Catastrophology

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划课题"综合风险防范救助保障与保险体系示范"(2006BAD20B04);国家科技支撑计划课题"承险过程分析与承险脆弱性综合评估技术"(2008BAK50B05);国家十一五科技支撑计划重点项目"亚洲巨灾综合风险评估示范系统开发"(2008BAC44B04);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目"重大自然灾害风险评估技术"(KZCX2-YW-Q03-01)

摘　　要：灾害救助评估是一种辅助决策工具,收集和分析灾害及灾害救助信息,为灾害救助活动的决策、规划和控制提供有效的信息支持,其内涵主要包括4个方面:①评估灾害对社会产生的影响;②灾害应急抢险需求与方案优化;③救助资源可获得性;④促进和加速灾后恢复与区域发展的可行性。灾害救助过程包括规划、数据收集与调查、分析与解读、趋势预测、辅助决策、灾害监测等6个环节。灾害救助评估内容按照灾害救助阶段总体分为应急快速评估和灾后详细评估两大类。其中,应急快速评估主要侧重于灾情和应急救助需求,是灾害救助评估的传统研究领域,为应急抢险和受灾人口基本生活保障提供信息支持;灾后详细评估则主要用于全面分析灾害对社会、经济、生态环境系统造成的损失和影响,为灾后恢复与重建提供辅助决策支持。Disaster relief assessment is a supporting tool to make decision, collect and analyze disaster-relief information and supply decision-making of disaster response and relief with background information. Assessment on disaster response and relief is used to identify impacts of disaster on society, need and and relief, availability of relief resource, and feasibility of post-disaster to recover and priority of emergency rescue expedite development. The assessment process typically comprises of 6 activities, in sequence, of preparedness planning, survey and data collection, analysis and interpretation, forecasting, response and relief, the assessment is divided into Initial rapid assessment focuses on disaster situation background information while post-disaster detailed and ecological environment and serves post-disaster decision-making, and monitoring. In terms of phases of disaster initial rapid assessment and post-disaster detailed assessment. and relief need and supports rescue and emergency relief with assessment focuses on impact of disasters on society, economy rehabilitation and reconstruction.

关 键 词：灾害救助 灾害评估 应急救助 灾后恢复与重建 

分 类 号：X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治]