上海乡土水生植物资源及其在水生态恢复与水景观建设中的应用潜力  

SURVEY OF NATIVE AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS AND ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION FOR RESTORATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS IN SHANGHAI

作　　者：王婕[1] 张净[1] 达良俊[1,2,3] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学环境科学系,上海200062 [2]上海市城市化生态过程与生态恢复重点实验室,上海200062 [3]天童森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,宁波315114

出　　处：《水生生物学报》2011年第5期841-850,共10页Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica

基　　金：上海市科委科技支撑项目(08DZ120310108DZ1203102);上海市自然科学基金(08ZR1406800);上海市科技兴农重点攻关项目[沪农科攻字(2007)第1-4号]资助

摘　　要：水生植物作为水生生态系统的主体,对发挥水生生态系统的自维持、自循环功能有重要作用。研究通过相关资料的查阅,建立上海地区乡土水生植物名录,并对其科属组成、区系特征、生活型、生长型等进行统计分析。结果表明上海地区乡土水生植物共计35科83属160种(含变种),单属科、单种属的比例较高,均达65%以上;植物区系组成丰富、成分复杂,以热带成分占优势,达64.6%;生活型以挺水植物为主,沉水植物次之,浮水植物最少;生长型类型丰富,以草本型、禾草型居多,20种生长型可进一步归为表征相似生态学特征和功能地位的6个生长型组。在水生态恢复与水景观建设中,仅有68.8%的景观水体有水生植物应用,且应用种类在2种以下的占79.2%。乡土水生植物应用不足,一半以上为观赏性强的外来物种,应用频率较高的为挺水植物,对具有良好净化效果的沉水植物重视不够。因此,在水生态恢复与水景观建设中,建议加强乡土水生植物资源的繁育栽培,在充分利用乡土水生植物资源配置群落的基础上,根据水质的富营养及基底状况,通过不同生长型组水生植物的应用,构建"沉水-浮水-挺水"植物群落复合体,并通过"近自然型"护岸的营造,形成"水生-湿生"复合生态系统。运用植被工程学的原理和方法,采用"生态浮岛"、"生态沉岛"等技术营造水生植被,将强人工化的水景观建成具生命的水生生态系统。With the rapid economical development,more and more degraded aquatic ecosystems can not be restored by themselves after they were polluted seriously.Aquatic vascular plant especially the native species,as an important component,play a significant role for implication of self-sustainable and self-circulation in aquatic ecosystems.Recon-struction and restoration of aquatic plants and vegetations is vital to construct the artificial waterscape and recovery the degraded territorial waters.The lists of native aquatic vascular plant that restricted to Shanghai area have been estab-lished by referring to literature,and their species composition,floristic characteristic,life form,growth form and appli-cation status in artificial aquatic ecosystems have been analyzed in this paper.The results indicated that there were 160 species of native aquatic vascular plant,belonging to 83 genera and 35 families.The species composition was compli-cated and more than 65% of them were mono-species genus or mono-genus family.The results of floristic geographical elements showed that the 83 genera could classify into 9 floristic distributional patterns.Tropical genera form a large fraction of the total genera with the highest proportion of 64.6%,of which pantropic genera were predominantly.The dominant type of life form was emergent plant with the highest proportion of 73.1%,while the submergent plant and floating-leaved plant accounted for 15.6% and 11.3%,respectively.There were 20 types of growth form.Graminids and herbids were the main growth form type,accounted for 40% and 28.8%,respectively.Based on the ecological charac-teristic and functional status of common species,20 types of growth form were classified into 6 groups,lem-nids-hydrocharids group,vallisnerids-isoetids group,potamids-myriophyllids group,utricularids-certophyllids group,trapids-nymphoids group,graminids-herbids group.All of these demonstrated that there were abundant native aquatic vascular plants in Shanghai area.However,there were much mistake in the application

关 键 词：乡土水生植物 生长型 景观水体 生态浮岛 

分 类 号：Q948.1[生物学—植物学]