朱熹对科举态度的转变及其改革主张  

The Changes of Zhu Xi's Attitude to Imperial Civil Examination System and His Ideas of Reform

作　　者：张全明[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《南都学坛（南阳师范学院人文社会科学学报）》2011年第5期25-30,共6页Academic Forum of Nandu:Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Nanyang Normal University

摘　　要：明清时期,由于朱熹的《四书章句集注》被官方定为科举考试的必读书目与标准答案,因此,朱熹在当时科举中的地位不断被神化,以致近百年来,人们形成了一种传统的观念模式:似乎朱熹是热衷于科举的罪魁祸首,他的《四书章句集注》一书是束缚人们思想解放的紧箍咒。事实上,南宋朱熹一生中对科举制的态度经历了三个不同阶段的转变:一是启蒙求学阶段,以最初从众的参与心理逐渐转变为一种矛盾的怀疑态度;二是自书院讲学开始,由对科举的不满逐渐发展到对其进行不断地批评甚至抨击;三是在其晚年的思想成熟时期,在认真批判科举制弊端的基础上有针对性地提出了改革科举的主张。至于朱熹离世百余年后他的《四书章句集注》在明清时期科举制度中的消极影响,既是他生前不曾预料到的,也是与他倡导改革科举制的主张相违背的。Zhu Xi is gradually deified in the imperial civil examination system during the Ming and Qing Dynasties since his Annotations of the Four Books is the official acquired book and standard keys,which leads people to regard him as the archcriminal to advocate imperial civil examination and his book as the inhibition to restrain people＇s mind emancipation.Actually,his attitude to it experiences three different stages.The first one is the stage of enlightenment during which his attitude changes from participation to doubt.The second stage begins from delivering lectures in the academy,changing from discontent to continuous criticism or denouncement.The third stage is in his late years,proposing relevant reform of imperial civil examination on the basis of seriously criticizing its defects.As far as the negative influences imposed by his book on the imperial civil examination system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties after his death is concerned,it could not only be predicted by him in his years,but also conflict with his reform of imperial civil examination.

关 键 词：朱熹 科举制 态度转变 改革科举 

分 类 号：K744[历史地理—历史学]