辽代僧尼法号、师德号与“学位”称号考——以石刻文字资料为中心  

A Research on the Buddhist Title,Master and Merit Title and Degree Title in the Liao Dynasty:Based on Stone Inscription

作　　者：张国庆[1] 

机构地区：[1]辽宁大学历史学院,教授地址沈阳市110036

出　　处：《民族研究》2011年第6期51-60,109,共10页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：辽宁省教育厅人文社科基地项目"<辽史>史事正补"(2008JD24)阶段性研究成果;辽宁省社会科学规划基金项目"佛教文化与辽代社会变迁"(L07BZ004)阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：石刻文字资料显示,辽代僧尼有"法号",得自"具戒"时,之前用俗名;部分僧尼得法号之同时另取"法字";僧尼同辈之"弟子"或"门人"的"法号"首字相同。辽代高僧名尼有"师德号",师德之号由皇帝赐之,受赐条件为"德法双馨";德高法重之"大师"、"大德"可由二字"师德号"晋升为四字"师德号";一些高僧名尼在荣获"师德号"的同时,还会被"赐紫"及授俗官誉职,并荫及弟子和俗亲;师、德之号有差别,前者关注"学问",后者侧重"寺业";赐号程序是由"大德"而进"大师","师号"高于"德号"。辽代僧尼有"学位"称号,分不同层类,获得"学位"称号的基础是"专攻"之"术业";"学位"称号有两类:一是"××法师",一是"讲(业、念、诵、习)××××沙门(比丘、比丘尼)";在第二类"学位"称号中,可依其首字之含义,分为高、中、低三个层级。Buddhism was extremely popular in the Liao Dynasty,with a large number of disciples converted to Buddhism as monks and nuns.It is recorded in the stone inscription that monks and nuns boasted their Buddhist titles,which could be granted only after they had submitted to all the precepts in Buddhism(they had been called by their secular names before receiving their Buddhist titles);some monks and nuns were conferred their Buddhist courtesy names while granted Buddhist titles;disciples or lay Buddhists who were of the same rank took the same first character in their Buddhist titles.Distinguished monks and nuns in the Liao Dynasty boasted 'Master and Merit title',which was awarded by the emperor,only when they excelled at both morality and scholarship.'The Master' and 'the Moral Master' with greater honor could be awarded four-character 'Master and Merit title' in place of the previous two-character title.With 'Master and Merit title',some distinguished monks and nuns could also be'cizi'(赐紫),that is,to be given an 'honorable' position in the society,moreover,their disciples and kinfolks could benefit from the honor.There was difference between Master title and Merit title:the former focused on 'scholarship',while the latter 'administrative capacity'.It was a prerequisite that they had been awarded 'Merit title',so that they could be granted 'Master title' further,that is,'Master title' was superior to 'Merit title'.Monks and nuns in the Liao Dynasty received 'Degree title' on conditon that they had had a good command of the Buddhist scripture.Moreover,'Degree title' was classified.There were two major sorts:one was called '××Master title',the other was to 'preach(meditate,murmur,recite and research the Buddhist scripture)××××Buddha(Bhiksu,Bhiksuni)'.In the second sort of 'Degree title',the title was classified into superior,medium,and junior degrees distinguished by the first character of the title.

关 键 词：辽代 僧尼 法号 师德号 “学位”称号 

分 类 号：K246.1[历史地理—历史学]