“闻”的词义发展及其与“嗅”的共时比较  

On the Change of the Meaning of "Wen" and the Difference between "Wen" and "Xiu"

作　　者：谢晓明[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学语言与语言教育研究中心,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《汉语学习》2011年第6期32-38,共7页Chinese Language Learning

基　　金：华中师范大学教育部基本科研专项研究资金项目(项目编号:120002040010);国家社科基金项目"现代汉语小句中五官动词的状况与带宾规律"(项目编号:05CYY012)的资助

摘　　要："闻"在上古兼有听觉义和嗅觉义,以表听觉感知义为主,从魏晋开始,"闻"的嗅觉义开始得到发展,并在宋元时期取代"嗅"成为主要的嗅觉动词,而听觉义则因为"听得"使用频率的增长而逐渐退化。现代汉语里"闻"以表嗅觉义为主,但仍有听觉义用法。表嗅觉义时,"闻"和"嗅"在句法上、语义上都存在一些差别。句法上,"闻"的使用频率远高于"嗅",且两者在带动态助词、带宾语以及叠用时都有明显的差别。语义上,"闻"的施事一般为人,而"嗅"的施事人或动物均可;"闻"既可以表示动作行为,也可以表示感知状态,而"嗅"更突显动作性,主要表示动作行为;两者隐喻义的发展也不平衡。In ancient Chinese the verb ＂wen＂ denotes the meanings of heanng and smeU- ing,with the former as the main one. From Wei and Jin Dynasties,the meaning of hearing began to develop,and ＂wen＂ replaced ＂xiu＂ as the chief verb denoting the meaning of smelling. With the increase of the frequency of ＂tingde＂, the meaning of hearing of ＂wen＂ began to weaken. In modem Chinese,＂ wen＂ means smeUing chiefly,but it also means hearing. When denoting smelling,there are some syntactic differences between ＂wen＂ and ＂xiu＂.Syntactically,the frequency of ＂wen＂ is much higher than that of ＂x/u＂,and there exist some differences when they are used together with dynamic auxiliaries,objects, or when they are reduplicated. Semantically,the agent of ＂wen＂ is usually humans,but the agent of ＂xiu＂ can be humans or animals;＂Wen＂ denotes an action or a sense, but ＂xiu＂ denotes prominently an action. Their metaphorical development is unbalanced.

关 键 词：闻 嗅 词义变化 共时比较 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]