1755年中国东部极端雨涝事件研究  

Study of the Large Scale Flooding over Eastern China in 1755——An Extreme Climatic Event in History

作　　者：张德二[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国气象局国家气候中心,北京100081

出　　处：《气候变化研究进展》2012年第1期1-7,共7页Climate Change Research

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2007BAC29B01);全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划(2010CB950103)

摘　　要：1755年(清乾隆二十年)我国东部大范围、多流域严重雨涝,其后1756、1757年黄河中下游雨涝,连续2年呈现较少见的北涝南旱降水分布格局,这是小冰期中相对温暖时段气候背景下的重大气象灾害和极端气候事件。依据历史文献记载复原多雨的天气实况和气候特征,绘制各年多雨、水灾和伴生的饥荒、虫灾、疫疾的发生地域实况图。结果表明,1755年黄河、长江中下游和淮河流域持续多雨,其中黄淮地区连续雨日超过40 d。有早梅雨,长江下游的梅雨期长达43 d,是18世纪最长的梅雨期,南京的年降水量达1378 mm,是18世纪的最高值。1755年气温偏低,夏寒、秋霜早、冬季寒冷等特征与典型的极端多雨年1823和1954年相同,这3例极端多雨年都是太阳活动周的极小年。Disastrous floods happened in several river valleys over eastern China in 1755.Subsequently,serious floods occurred in the lower valleys of the Huanghe and Huaihe rivers in 1756 and 1757,a rarely seen precipitation pattern of north-floods-south-droughts appeared in China for the two successive years.Serious meteorological disasters and extreme climatic event happened under a climatic background of a warm phase of the Little Ice Age.In this paper,the rainy and flooding situation and the weather characters of these years are reproduced by means of historical literature records,and the state charts of areas of prolonged rainy,overflow and concomitant famine,insect pest,and pestilence in these years are made.In 1755,the mid to lower basins of the Huanghe,Huaihe and Yangtze rivers experienced a prolonged rainy season with multiple torrential rain events.The continuous rainy period exceeded 40 days in the Huanghuai region.An early Meiyu occurred,and the duration of the Meiyu period in the lower Yangtze River basin was 43 days,which is the longest in the 18th century.In particular in Nanjing the annual rainfall of 1755 was 1378 mm,which is the highest record of the 18th century.The year of 1755 was characterized by lower temperature in summer,early frost in autumn and heavy snowfall and freezing rains in winter,with the rainy season starting earlier,persisting for a longer period,and featuring of high precipitation intensity.The synoptic and climatic aspects of 1755 were extremely similar to those of 1823 and 1954,two typical severest floods years.And all the 3 extreme flooding events coincidently took place in the minimum-value phase of the solar activity period.

关 键 词：极端气候事件 雨涝 气象灾害 1755年 历史气候 

分 类 号：P426.616[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]