非法证据排除规则的宪法思考——兼评我国刑事诉讼法的修改  

Constitutional Thoughts on the Exclusionary Rules——Comment on the Amendment of Criminal Procedure Law

作　　者：汪进元[1] 

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院

出　　处：《北方法学》2012年第1期38-43,共6页Northern Legal Science

摘　　要：非法证据排除规则是宪法程序的基本内容,美国宪法第5条修正案规定了不得强迫自证其罪,宪法判例据此推定出排除规则;日本等国宪法既规定了不得强迫自证其罪,也规定了排除规则;德国基本法从公权力的限制性规范推定出排除规则。排除规则排除的不是证据本身,而是公权力的违法行为,因为证据是先于程序而存在的客观实在,不能排除,也不应该排除。排除规则的价值取向可分为:单维度的价值定位和多维度的价值定位,前者在于保护犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的权利,后者还包括证人、被害人和社会大众的权利;不同维度的价值取向意味着非法证据的排除范围有别。我国宪法没有禁止强迫自证其罪和排除规则的规定,正在热议的《刑事诉讼法草案》对这两个规则作了具体规定,其意义重大,不容置疑,但也存在着实施的困难和障碍:一是与排除规则配套的司法体制、强制措施和侦查手段等有待完善;二是非法证据排除的范围和标准不确定、不具体、不合理;三是排除规则适用的例外情况没有专门规定,容易放纵公权力的恣意。As a basic constitutional procedure,the Exclusionary Rules are constructed by constitutional cases and regulated in the Fifth Amendment of American Constitution,commanding that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.Similar rules are also regulated in Japan.In Germany,the Exclusionary Rules are construed from restriction norms on public power in fundamental laws,in which the illegal conducts of public power are excluded rather than the illegal evidence itself.The evidence cannot and should be excluded because it is objective prior to procedures.The Exclusionary Rules have unilateral and multilateral value：the former is to protect rights of suspects and defendants;the latter also includes rights of witness,victim and public.Different value orientations differ in scope of exclusion.There are no such exclusionary rules in Constitution of China,so it is of great significance to introduce these rules in the Draft of Criminal Procedure Law.However,some implementation predicament should not be neglected.Firstly,supporting rules should be perfected such as judicial system,compulsory measures and investigation approaches.Secondly,the scope and standard of the Exclusionary Rules are still far from designated,specific and reasonable.Thirdly,since there are no exception rules,it is easy to result in discretionary exercise of public power.

关 键 词：非法证据排除 宪法规则 宪政功能 刑事诉讼法 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]