垄沟栽培模式对渭北旱塬区土壤水热状况及冬小麦生长的影响  

Effect of Ridge-furrow Cultivation Pattern on Soil Hydro-thermal Condition and Winter Wheat Development in Weibei Highland

作　　者：刘廷[1] 田霄鸿[1] 陈辉林[1] 李锦[1] 游东海[1] 王朝辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《西北农业学报》2012年第5期71-78,共8页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31071863;40971179);国家"十一五"科技支撑计划资助项目(2006BAD25B09;2007BAD89B16)

摘　　要：为有效解决渭北旱塬区水资源匮乏、水分利用效率低的问题,于2008-2010年在陕西渭北旱塬的长武县进行冬小麦田间定位试验,研究不同栽培模式0～2m土壤水分和耕层温度的动态变化及冬小麦产量和水分利用效率。结果表明,①无论是在塬面还是梯田,垄沟栽培模式比常规模式均能显著提高冬小麦生育期0～2m土壤含水量,且储水效果优于单一覆草模式。②垄上覆膜+沟内覆草模式(PM+S)可以有效地调节冬小麦生育期耕层土温,显著降低日较差。与对照处理(CK)相比,其4次温度日较差的降幅分别达69.3%、62.1%、71.9%和64.2%。③与CK相比,垄沟栽培模式下塬面两季冬小麦平均增产40.9%,梯田增产60.3%,增产达显著水平。垄沟栽培虽减小冬小麦实际种植面积,造成其单位面积穗数的明显降低,但其穗粒数和千粒质量显著高于其他处理。④PM和PM+S的水分利用效率高于覆草及其他处理,尤其在梯田,其效果更加显著。综上,垄沟栽培模式可以有效地解决渭北旱塬雨养农业区冬小麦生长中的水分胁迫问题,调节耕层土壤温度,进而提高冬小麦产量,是适合该地区冬小麦生产的栽培模式。In order to resolve water deficiency and low water use efficiency in Weibei highland, a field experiment was carried out in Changwu County from 2008 to 2010. The aim of this research was to study the soil moisture of 0-2m, dynamic variation of topsoil temperature, winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. Results showed that, no matter tableland or terrace,the PM and PM＋S treatments significantly improved the soil water storage of 0-2 m during the growing season. Under suitable fertility condition, more soil water storage could increase the grain yield of winter wheat in this area, which was perfectly sealed by the wheat grain yield of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. And the water use efficiency in the PM and PM＋S treatments were also higher. Compared to the CK treatment, PM and PM＋S increased the grain yield by 16.6%, 18.4% in the tableland, and 97.2%, 96.5% in the terrace during 2008-2009, respectively. Besides, plastic mulched on the ridges could effectively regulate the topsoil temperature. According to daily range of plough layer temperature, it showed that PM and PM＋ S treatments dramatically improved the soil temperature under low air temperature, meanwhile, decreased soil temperature under high air temperature. The daily range of surface soil temperature in PM＋S treatment was significantly lower than other treatments, and compared to CK treatment, four daily ranges decreased by 69.3%, 62. 1%, 71.9% and 64.2%, respectively. That was benefit for the growth of root system, reduction of soil water evaporation, and increase of the grain yield. Because only half area was used to plant winter wheat in the ridge-furrow cultivation pat- tern, so the spike numbers per 1 m2 was lower than other treatments. However, the grain per spike and the 1000-grain mass were both maximum. So the grain yield of winter wheat in PM and PM＋S treatments were obviously higher than the CK treatment. Above all, the ridge-furrow cultivation could effectively improve soil moisture of growing stage of winter wheat and water use ef

关 键 词：渭北旱塬 冬小麦 水分动态变化 耕层温度日较差 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S152