从乡规民约石刻看历史时期云南民间的环境意识  

Analysis of the environmental awareness of folk conventions in ancient Yunnan:Taking the stone carvings of folk conventions as an example

作　　者：林移刚[1,2] 刘志伟 

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史地理研究所,重庆400715 [2]四川外语学院,重庆400031 [3]重庆市设计院党群工作部,重庆400015

出　　处：《地理研究》2012年第8期1512-1522,共11页Geographical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(11CZS018)

摘　　要：基层民众的环境意识对环境变迁起着重大作用。云南乡规民约石刻中包含大量保护生态环境的条款,这些条款体现了人们对环境与审美、环境与风水的关系的理解以及对森林水源涵养、水土保持的朴素认识。根据目前收集到的具有环保条款的乡规民约石刻,结合相关文献进行分析,将云南民间环境意识发展分为萌芽期、发展期、高潮期、低谷期、恢复期、下降期等6个阶段。民间乡规民约石刻的在时间轴上的分布规律和民间环境意识的变化是同步的。清代以前,云南地区植被覆盖率较高,自然环境良好,人口密度较小,对自然的破坏程度较小,环境问题尚不足以引起人们的注意。清代以后,随着人口压力的加大,经济开发对植被的不断破坏以及战争对正常社会生产生活秩序的打乱,云南民间环境意识也就不断增强。从空间方面看,云南环保型乡规民约石刻分布广泛、相对集中,主要分布在经济开发历史最为悠久、人口最密集、工农业最发达、同时也是毁林开荒最严重的地区。The activities of folks greatly influenced the environmental changes, and the folk environmental awareness plays important roles in the changes as well. Thus, the studies on people＇s cognitions on environment will contribute to the further research on the process of environmental changes. However, the folk environmental consciousness of the current academic research is the weak part. Many articles are focused on protecting environment in stone carvings of folk conven- tions of Yunnan Province, including people＇s cognition on the relation between environ- ment and aesthetic appreciation, people＇s cognition on the relation between environment and geomantic omen, people＇s cognition on which forests conserve water sources and soil. The authors collect and analyze 84 stone carvings of folk conventions. The development process of Yunnan folk environmental awareness is divided into six stages： germination stage, development stage, peak stage, trough stage, recovery stage and decent stage. The distribution from the perspective of time of stone carvings of folk conventions and the changes of folk environmental conventions are synchronized. Before the Qing Dynasty, Yunnan had high vegetation＇coverage, sound natural environment and relatively low popu- lation density. Moreover, people in this area hardly did anything to damage the natural en- vironment. So the problems of environmental protection did not attract people＇s attention. Then after the Qing Dynasty, with the greater pressure of population, the gradual damage of vegetation caused by economic development and the disorder of the society, production and life suffering from wars, the folk environmental conventions of Yunnan has been growing gradually. Seen from the spatial perspective, the environmental-protecting stone carvings of folk conventions of Yunnan are characterized by wide-spreading and relative centralizing. They are mainly distributed in areas such as Yuxi, Dali, Chuxiong, Wenshan and Kunming. These areas have a long history of ec

关 键 词：乡规民约 环境意识 石刻 云南 

分 类 号：X2[环境科学与工程—环境科学] K877[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]