亚当·斯密和文明社会的四个隐喻  

Adam Smith and Four Metaphors of the Civil Society

作　　者：张国清[1] 张翼飞[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学公共管理学院,浙江杭州310027

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2012年第5期5-17,共13页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：浙江省哲学社会科学规划项目(09JDDF003YB);2008年浙江省"钱江人才"计划项目(205000-F40801)

摘　　要：亚当·斯密在西方政治哲学史上居于什么位置?这是一个尚未得到充分讨论的问题。借助"公正的旁观者"、"经济—理性人"、"看不见的手"、"守夜人"等经典隐喻,亚当.斯密提出了一个有关未来文明社会的乌托邦。这些隐喻影响深远,黑格尔的"理性的诡计"、马克思的"自由人的联合体"、德沃金的"赫拉克勒斯"、罗蒂的"自由反讽人"以及诺齐克的"最小国家"等观念都可以在那里找到思想源头。不同于克罗波西、罗尔斯等人的消极评价,斯密应当在政治哲学史上占据某个核心位置。就"斯密的启蒙困境"而言,斯密从哲学伦理学向政治经济学转向,既符合其思想发展的历程,也符合其思想发展的逻辑。尽管他后期对《道德情操论》多有修订,但尚不足构成推翻其基本主张和从政治经济学向哲学伦理学倒转的条件。In the light of classic metaphors as ＂impartial spectator,＂ ＂economic man,＂ ＂invisible hand＂ and ＂night watchman,＂ Adam Smith suggests an enlightenment utopia about civil society. These metaphors have such a seminal impact in the history of political philosophy that Hegel＇s ＂die List der Vernunft,＂ Carl Marx＇s ＂community of freeman,＂ Ronald Dworkin＇s ＂Heracles,＂ Richard Rorty＇s ＂liberal ironist＂ and Robert Nozick＇s ＂minimal state＂ all bear some intellectual origin. So different from those scholars mentioned above, we conclude that Adam Smith holds some central role in the history of political philosophy. ＂Adam Smith problem＂ is another topic to be discussed in the paper. Recently, Professor Luo Weidong of Zhejiang University suggests a new version of ＂Adam Smith problem＂ and calls it ＂Adam Smith enlightenment paradox. ＂ Based on a comparative study on the meanings of Smith＇s key sentences in The Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments, we find that there is no such a paradox between the two works. Individuality with sympathy, free market, decent society and limited government are the four elements that construct a basic frame for Smith to explore his utopia of civil society. It is clear that Smith has an intellectual turn from philosophical ethics to political economy. Even though Smith in the last year of his life made many revisions in his last version of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, those revisions still do not change his main stance on civil society. In 1901, when The Wealth of Nations was first translated into Chinese, accompanied with Charles Darwin＇s and John S. Mill＇s works or ideas, Smith was one of first three modern western thinkers being introduced to the Chinese people. These great thinkers played essential roles in the modern Chinese enlightenment, and among them Smith was the first one who had a special sentiment towards China, studying China society comprehensively and providing accurate comments on China - as a clos

关 键 词：亚当·斯密 乌托邦 文明社会 隐喻 启蒙困境 政治哲学 

分 类 号：F091.3[经济管理—政治经济学]