现代汉语非现实句的语义系统  

The Semantic System of Irreal Sentences in Modern Chinese

作　　者：张雪平[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学文学院/语言科学与语言规划研究所

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2012年第4期449-462,共14页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目"现代汉语非现实范畴研究"(12YJA740108);国家语委"十二五"科研规划重点项目(ZDI125-12);河南省博士后科研启动项目资助

摘　　要："非现实"是和"现实"相对的一种情态范畴。现代汉语表达非现实情态意义的句子有十多种,这些句子虽然语义复杂,但因其共有的非现实性特征而聚合为一类。本文采用语义特征分析法和原型理论,根据各种非现实句所属认知域及其非现实性特征的异同,构建了现代汉语非现实句的语义系统,从而初步建立了汉语非现实范畴的语义系统:这是一个从认识域(包括推断和推测两类)到时间域(包括限时和泛时两类)的连续统。研究结果表明,各种非现实句(包括分句)因非现实性强弱的不同而有典型和非典型之别,汉语非现实情态范畴是一种原型范畴。文中还从否定句的双重语义性质角度解释了其在现实/非现实系统中的归属分歧。Irrealis is a modal category which is in opposite to realis. There are a dozen types of sentences expressing irreal modality in modern Chinese. Though their modal meanings are com- plex, they are polymerized as a category by irreality features. This paper, based on analysis of se- mantic features and the theory of prototype, has constructed the semantic system of irreal sen- tences/clauses and that of irreal categories according to the differences in cognitive fields and irre- ality features of various irreal sentences in modern Chinese. Either system is a continuum from the cognitive field （deduction and inference） to the temporal field （limited and ilhmitable time）. The results of this research show that irreal sentences/clauses may be typical or non-typical as they bear different degrees of irreal strength and that the categories of irrealis is a prototypic one in Chinese. in addition, the paper has cleared up the divergent views about the nature of negative sentences in the realis/irreal system.

关 键 词：非现实 情态范畴 非现实句 语义系统 原型范畴 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]