工作记忆在监控作业情境意识保持中的作用  

The Role of Working Memory in Situation Awareness of Visual Monitoring Tasks

作　　者：傅亚强[1] 许百华[2] 

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学教育科学学院,杭州310036 [2]浙江大学心理与行为科学系,杭州310028

出　　处：《心理科学》2012年第5期1077-1082,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：杭州师范大学攀登工程项目(PD110020082003)的资助

摘　　要：本研究通过模拟复杂人机系统的监控作业,考察了长时工作记忆与短时工作记忆在情境意识保持中的作用。研究采用模拟的飞行相撞判断任务,通过考察中断任务对情境意识的影响,分析情境意识在记忆中的存储地点。本研究选择了心理旋转和算式判断两种中断任务。实验结果表明,在问题回答之前的中断阶段,无论施加心理旋转任务,还是施加算式判断任务,无论中断任务的加工负荷与记忆负荷有多高,熟练被试的情境意识始终保持于较高的水平,并没有因受到中断任务的干扰而出现下降。新手被试的情境意识受到心理旋转任务和算式判断任务的显著影响,两种任务的执行速度越快、记忆负荷越大,情绪意识水平就越低。本研究结果说明熟练被试可以利用长时工作记忆存储情境意识,新手被试主要利用短时工作记忆存储情境意识。Over the past 50 years, research on human factors has focused on helping operators in the human-machine system better deal with various task situations. An important construct that continues this tradition is the situation awareness （SA）. SA refers to how much the operator of the man-machine system is aware of its dynamic states. Working memory seems at first blush to be a critical component of SA. Typically, in the human-machine system of visual monito- ring, an operator has several tasks at hand, some of which are in an interrupted state while others are being carried out. Most of the time, such interruptions are not disruptive to SA and task performance. There is evidence that some individuals develop better SA than others. The difference among individuals is attributed to the difference in the underlying cognitive processes that constitute SA. This study aimed to reveal working memory involved in the maintenance of SA in simulating visual monitoring tasks and to disclose the relationship between working memory and SA difference among the subjects. Two alternative accounts were used to explain working memory in the process of developing SA： the long --term working memory theory （LTWM） and the template theory （TI＇）. This study tested those ideas by creating very demanding interruption conditions between encoding task information and recalling task information. The interruption task would hamper the maintenance of the pointer and other representations in shor - t-term working memory over the interruption. A task of conflict detection with the cockpit display of traffic information was simulated. Two experiments were performed to investi- gate the effect of interruption on SA in the conflict detection task. One trial of each experiment consisted of three tasks ： a conflict detec- tion task, an interruption task （only under the experiment condition） and a recall task. The independent variables of the two experi- ments were the complexity of the interruption task and the subject experience

关 键 词：情境意识 监控作业 长时工作记忆 短时工作记忆 

分 类 号：B842.3[哲学宗教—基础心理学]