清代乡地职役人员问题考辨  

Problems of Local Administrators in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：魏光奇[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院,北京100048

出　　处：《北京师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2013年第1期96-107,共12页Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"清代州县行政与乡里制度研究"(02BZS006)

摘　　要：清代乡地人员的设置大致分为"基层"与"地方"二级,村、庄等自然聚落一般设一人或数人,"地方"一级或为"独任制",或为"合任制"。乡地人员应充须具备"家道殷实"等条件。充任"地方"需要经地方推举、官府传验、批准等程序;基层乡地人员应充的基本形式为轮充、推选和"地方"选派,此外还存在代理、私授、朋充、霸充、差役点充和绅士指定等非常规形式。州县官府通过建立担保、点卯、请假、退役、失职和违法惩处等制度对乡地人员进行管理。乡地人员作为"职役",一方面相对于普通民人是一个权力群体,另一方面又被官府视为较普通民人还要卑贱的奴仆。在乡村社会中,乡地人员有时充当"领袖"角色,办理本地"自治"性事务,承担一些重要社会职能。清代乡村社会结构复杂,官府与乡村、士绅与普通乡民以及其他各种矛盾相互交织,乡地人员往往会陷入这些矛盾的漩涡之中。在中国传统的政治社会体制下,"官府"要将自己的统治机制深入乡村社会,但为了节省行政成本而不肯设立理性化的基层政府组织,为了保证"官治"的权威而不肯实行某种形式的自治制度,因此只能借助私人势力、社会势力来履行公权。这种体制的运作,必然导致整个统治机制的腐化和经济社会的危机。In Qing Dynasty, the setup of local administrators can be generally divided into two grades： basic and regional levels： the former is concerned with villages and manors, which generally have one or several persons each, while the latter may be placed on one particular person or co-shouldered by a number of people, and these local administrators should be well-off. To be a regional administrator, one needs to be recommended by the regional authorities and then experiences such procedures as governmental check and ratification; the basic level administrators may be selected by turn, along with other non-regular forms. The authorities at the county or higher level are responsible for supervising these local administrators by setting up the system of ensuring, calling the roll in the mornings, retiring, mis-conducting and law breaking punishment. Such administrators form a power community on the one hand, and are servants in the eye of the authorities on the other. It is therefore a system in terms of which the governments attempt to save financial cost and hence rely but on personal and so- cial forces for the management. In such a circumstance, the system is easy to catch corruptions and gives rise to social and e- conomic crisis.

关 键 词：清代 乡地 职役 官府 乡村社会 

分 类 号：K249-256[历史地理—历史学]