环境质量评价中的生物指示与生物监测  

Bioindicators and Biomonitors in Environmental Quality Assessment

作　　者：Bernd Markert 王美娥[2] Simone Wünschmann 陈卫平[2] 

机构地区：[1]Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Fliederweg 17, D-49733 Haren, Germany [2]城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京100085

出　　处：《生态学报》2013年第1期33-44,共12页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(41271503);国家自然科学重点基金(41030744)

摘　　要：通过比较生物指示与生物监测技术和仪器分析技术的分析过程及原理,结合北京市土壤中土壤脲酶与土壤重金属含量之间的相关关系的案例,及生物指示与生物监测技术在水生生态系统及大气污染研究中的应用状况,系统阐述了生物指示与生物监测技术研究的发展历程、研究前沿及发展方向。指出定量校正及不同学科与地区的科学团队的合作是生物指示与生物监测技术研究中需要克服的关键问题,并提出生物指示与生物监测技术研究的目标是整合不同学科的研究方向,为人类健康与环境安全的保护与预测提供技术支持。Classical programs for environmental monitoring have been supplemented by bioindication measures for a number of years. Investigations on living organisms or their remains （e. g. peat） are frequently used to indicate the environmental situation in either qualitative （bioindication） or quantitative （biomonitoring） terms. This provides pieces of information on environmental burdens of a region at a given point of time or on its changes with time （trend analysis ）. Classical bioindication often deals with observation and measurements of chemical noxae （ both inorganic and organic ones） in well- defined bioindicator plants or animals （including man）. In term of analytical procedures and results, there are parallel developments between progresses in bioindication and innovation in instrument analytical methods. Bioindication approaches usually integrate instrument analytical methods and get information through them. One of the main problems in practice is the representativeness of samples in bioindication approaches and in instrument analytical methods. To get an idea of precision in respect of site and time variations, repeated sampling is necessary in the bioindicator approaches. However, it is difficult to obtain the accuracy of the approach during the sampling procedure since there is no ＂certified reference system＂ at present as a calibrator for accuracy in representative sampling. Compared to instrumental analytical methods, a linear range for bioindicators is more difficult to achieve since living organisms are constantly changing their ＂hardware＂ by biologically living processes. Therefore, standardisation of bioindicators seems unrealistic at the moment, which means that harmonisation between users of the same indicators is specific and of real concern for the future. It is hard to harmonise scientific and cultural differences in a globalising world because cross-border projects have a tremendous intercultural impact. In spite of that, bioindication may be seen as agateway to

关 键 词：生物指示与生物监测 环境污染 学科整合 人体健康与环境安全 

分 类 号：X820[环境科学与工程—环境工程]