微囊藻毒素的致毒机理和人体健康风险评价研究进展  

Advances in the study of toxicology and human health risk assessment of microcystin

作　　者：黄艺[1] 张郅灏 

机构地区：[1]北京大学环境科学与工程学院,北京100871 [2]北京大学深圳研究生院环境与能源学院,广东深圳518055

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2013年第2期357-364,共8页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家"十二五"水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07501002006)

摘　　要：微囊藻毒素(microcystin,MC)是世界各地自然水体中存在最普遍,对人体健康危害最大的一类藻毒素。文章从微囊藻毒素的毒害机理以及其对人体的健康风险评估两个方面进行综述,拟为进一步研究蓝藻水华的生态毒理和评估其健康风险提供信息。国内外研究表明,微囊藻毒素对生物细胞毒害主要有4种方式:直接破坏细胞结构,引发细胞溶解;诱导细胞凋亡;诱导细胞癌变;诱导基因突变和DNA损伤。目前该领域的研究的热点已从微囊藻毒素破坏细胞结构的研究转向其损伤细胞的分子机制研究,并在微囊藻毒素致毒的分子机理方面取得了一定进展。这些研究成果为藻毒素的人体健康风险评价提供了依据和标准。但无论是微囊藻毒素的毒理研究还是健康风险评估工作,都存在许多未解决的问题。本综述对目前微囊藻毒素毒理研究中急需解决的问题提出自己的看法,如需要进一步研究微囊藻毒素致毒的分子机制、毒代动力学以及其诱导细胞凋亡与癌变之间的关系。同时对藻毒素的人体健康风险评估研究方面,又进一步提出了更多想法:(1)动物实验的暴露情景与人实际的暴露途径有很大差异,需要建立更合乎实际的暴露方式;(2)纯毒素的致毒效率明显低于含同浓度毒素的自然水,但目前的评估研究都是基于纯毒素的实验数据,需要进行基于自然水暴露情景下的风险评估工作;(3)目前还缺乏对多种类型藻毒素联合致毒效应的评估工作;(4)亟需建立快速评估藻毒素健康风险的手段。Microcystin, as a major cyanotoxin in the waterbody around the world, has great harm to human health. This paper summarizes the research progresses on the mechanisms of microcystin＇s toxicity and the evaluation of human health risks ofmicrocystin. There are four pathways of microcystin＇s toxic mechanisms including making cell necrosis by causing the damage of cell structure ,inducing cell apoptosis,inducing cell mutagenesis,inducing gene mutation and DNA lesion. The present research hotspot has already turn from damaging cell structure to the molecular mechanisms of Microcystin inducing cell toxicity, and researchers has acquired some achievement in the molecular mechanism involved in microcystin toxicity. These findings provide a basis and standard for human health risk assessment. However, the study ofmicrocystin＇s toxicology and assessment have a lot of open issues. The defects of the researches in molecular mechanism mediated by microcystin, toxicokinetics of microcystin and the relationship between cell mutagenesis and apoptosis induced by microcystin have been discussed in the article. And the article also presents some opinions on human health risk assessment of microcystin： （1） There is a big difference between the exposure route of animal experiment and actual situation, so we need to build new exposure mode. （2） The poison efficiency of pure microcystin is obviously lower than that of natural water containing with the same concentration of toxin, but the present risk assessment research nearly all relies on the experimental data of based on pure toxin, so we need to correct it. （3） The research of combined toxicity of different types of microcystin are absent. （4） There is a urgent demand of building the method of rapid risk assessment of microcystin.

关 键 词：微囊藻毒素 健康评估 致毒机理 指导值 基因毒性 

分 类 号：X173[环境科学与工程—环境科学]