生物炭和生物炭基氮肥的理化特征及其作物肥效评价  

Physicochemical properties and efficiencies of biochar and biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizer

作　　者：高海英[1,2] 陈心想[1] 张雯[1] 何绪生[1] 耿增超[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]史丹利化肥股份有限公司市场部,山东临沭276700

出　　处：《西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）》2013年第4期69-78,85,共11页Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：林业局"948"项目(2009-4-64);农业部"948"项目(2010-Z19);陕西省攻关项目(2010K02-12-1)

摘　　要：【目的】研究生物炭和生物炭基氮肥的理化性质及其作物肥效。【方法】以竹炭、木炭、硝酸铵为原材料,分别制备了竹炭基氮肥和木炭基氮肥,采用元素分析、灰分测定、环境扫描电镜、等离子光谱仪、pH计和红外光谱,对2种生物炭及生物炭基氮肥的部分理化性质、形貌结构进行分析。以小麦和糜子为供试作物,通过盆栽试验,在壤土和砂土上,研究生物炭和生物炭基氮肥对作物生长、产量以及氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】竹炭和木炭2种生物炭的含碳量高达60%以上。竹炭灰分含量高于木炭,而负载硝酸铵量低于木炭,分别约为8%和18%。竹炭基氮肥和木炭基氮肥分别呈蜂窝状和管状结构,基本保持了竹炭和木炭的微观形态。在制备生物炭基氮肥的吸附过程中,竹炭、木炭与硝酸铵以物理吸附相结合,吸附过程中未发生化学反应。竹炭、木炭均呈碱性,吸附氮肥后pH值显著降低。在壤土和砂土上,施用竹炭基氮肥和木炭基氮肥可显著促进小麦、糜子的生长和增产,并能提高氮肥利用率,延长肥料养分在土壤中的存留期,减少养分淋失。【结论】将生物炭作为肥料载体制备的生物炭基肥料,不仅可以促进作物生长和增产,还有利于生物炭农用效益的提升。[Objective] The research was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of biochar and biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizers and their fertilizer efficiencies. [Method] With bamboo charcoal,wood charcoal and ammonium nitrate as raw materials, we respectively prepared a bamboo charcoalbased nitrogen fertilizer and a wood charcoal-based nitrogen fertilizer. We systematically investigated and evaluated the physicochemical properties,morphology and biological fertilizer efficiencies of the two biochars and biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizers through elemental analysis, ash determination, environmental scanning electronic microscope （ESM） and infrared microscopy （IR）. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the two biochars and biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth and yield of wheat and pearl millet, and nitrogen use efficiency on sandy loam and sand soil. [Result] The carbon contents of bamboo charcoal and wood charcoal （AN）-loaded contents of bamboo charcoal were were more than 60%. The ash and less ammonium nitrate about 8% and 18% respectively,much higher than that of wood charcoal. The bamboo charcoal-based nitrogenous fertilizer and wood charcoal based nitrogenous fertilizer exhibited amorphous and porous structure,and kept the morphology characteristics of original bamboo charcoal and wood charcoal basically. Physical adsorption was the only process that dominated the mixing of biochar and AN in the adsorption process. The bamboo charcoal and wood charcoal were alkaline. However, the pH of the AN-loaded biochar declined. Application of bamboo charcoal-based nitrogenous fertilizer and wood charcoal-based nitrogenous fertilizer to the sandy loam and sand soil can dramatically improve the growth and yield of wheat and millet,improve nitrogen use efficiency, delay fertilizer nutrient remaining period in the soil and reduce leaching and other losses. [Conclusion] Combining biochar and fertilizer to produce biochar-based fertilizer can not only promote cr

关 键 词：生物炭 生物炭基氮肥 理化性质 小麦 糜子 生物肥效 

分 类 号：S141.6[农业科学—肥料学]