运动员的心理训练:中国文化修为方式的贡献  

Athletes' Mental Training:Contribution of Practice The Methods of Chinese Culture

作　　者：张凯[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京体育大学教育学院,北京100084

出　　处：《心理科学》2013年第3期524-531,共8页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目"我国优秀运动员素养教育课程体系构建与实施"(11BTY049)的资助

摘　　要：传统中国哲学的目的在于理想人格塑造、人的心灵提升,其核心是身心调节与控制。中国文化精妙之处在于,不仅拥有完整的思想体系,更有与之相应的践行方式,既有见地的开悟,又有修为的精进,在系统阐述人生境地的同时,拥有成熟的修为方法。近15年,国内外关于中国文化与心理学关系的研究呈现显著增长态势,但在竞技体育领域却鲜见运动员心理咨询和心理训练引入传统文化思想和技术的相关研究。多元文化视角下的理论与实证研究的国际心理学发展趋势,以及中国竞技体育制度特征,都诱发了对心理训练和心理咨询本土化发展的需要。本文立足于中国文化与心理训练的契合,总结提炼能够为运动队心理训练服务所借鉴的传统修为技术与方法。这些方法包括1)改变思想态度的撰写日记以内省、读书以养浩然之气;2)控制妄想杂念的静坐、数息、站桩;3)调节情绪心境的正念训练、琴棋书画等。将中国文化的思想与方法引入运动员心理训练尚面临困境,包括1)中国文化独特的神秘特性导致其缺乏可操作性,诸多概念难以精确测量,修为效果尚待实证检验;2)研究人员严重不足,潜心钻研的学者匮乏;3)研究深度缺乏,挖掘整理系统性不足;4)对传统文化存在错误认知,难以保证心理训练技术顺利进入运动队。Traditional Chinese philosophy molds ideal personality and nurtures individuals＇ spirit. The core of this philosophy is to regulate and control the human body and mind. Chinese culture contains not only systems of thought but also systems of practice that render the application of its systems of thought possible-the methods. This integration is quintessential of Chinese culture. It includes both insights of good thoughts and specific behavioral modification methods for their ideals. It educates people on the useful ways leading to a spiritual world. In recent 15 years, research on the relationship between Chinese culture and psychology is growing. However, in the competitive sports field, there is few research on athletes＇ psychological counseling and mental training from the perspective of traditional Chinese thinking and techniques. The development in psychology in the theoretical and empirical studies with a multi-cultural approach and a focus on the characteristics of Chinese competitive sports system has spurred the need for indigenous researches on psychological counseling and mental training. Based on the approach of combining Chinese culture and mental training, this paper summarizes the techniques and methods rooted in the thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism for athletes＇ mental training programs. These methods include 1 ） introspection and reading for control of thinking and attitude, 2） meditation, count of breathing and standing Qigong for control of deliria and disturbing thinking, and 3 ） training of mindfulness and learning of Guqin, Go, calligraphy and Chinese painting for control of emotions. Four difficulties were discussed when incorporating thinking and methods of Chinese culture into athletes＇ mental training programs. First, many concepts in Chinese culture are difficult to be measured and the effects of behavioral modification are difficult to be tested because Chinese culture carries a mysterious characteristic and lacks operational possibility. Secondly, few resea

关 键 词：心理训练 运动员 中国文化 静坐 内省 正念训练 

分 类 号：G804.8[文化科学—运动人体科学]