从天赋人权到人赋人权——康德权利话语的倒转意义与内在困境  

From Natural Rights to Human Rights——Inversion Significance and Inherent Predicament of Rights Discourse of Kant

作　　者：贾丽民[1] 

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨理工大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《中国人民大学学报》2013年第4期64-69,共6页Journal of Renmin University of China

摘　　要：作为现代政治哲学的主要奠基人,康德的权利话语呈现出革命性与局限性的张力结构,这种结构不仅构成黑格尔、马克思力图超越康德而走向现实解放的批判起点,而且构成现代西方政治哲学囿于"人性"的苍蝇瓶却又不断撞击瓶体的逻辑基础。就革命性而言,康德认为天(自然)并不能为人的权利奠基,因为自然是与人的感觉、情欲相通的必然性的代名词,而人的本质却在于理性。理性不仅为自然而且为道德立法,作为自由存在者的人能够按照理性的形式确立起普遍道德法则,从而赋予人自己以权利。就局限性而言,康德的形而上学思维逻辑忽视了权利特别是政治权利的极度复杂性,从而在确立起人的主体地位的同时也将人抽象为无差别的一般理性,最终造成其权利话语无法克服的内在矛盾。The rights discourse of Kant, the main founder of modern political philosophy, shows a con- stant tension between a propensity for revolution and its limitations. This tension structure constitutes not only a starting point of critique from which Hegel and Marx tried to transcend Kant and realize lib- eration, but also the logic basis of modern Western political philosophy which is caught in the fly-bot- tle of ＂humanity＂ and constantly tries to escape by banging against the side. On the revolutionary lev- el, Kant claimd that Nature is not the foundation of human rights, because despite Nature＇s inevitabili- ty links with human feelings and desires, the essence of human beings lies in their rationality. There- fore Kant concluded that rationality not only legislates the rules of Nature but also that of morality. As free beings, human beings establish universal moral rules in line with their rationality and in so dong give themselves rights. As far as its limitations are concerned, Kant＇s metaphysical thinking ignored the high complexity of rights, especially that of political rights, as a consequence, it abstracted human beings into undifferentiated general rationality while establishing human subjectivity status, which ul- timately led to the inextricable inherently contradictory predicament of rights discourse.

关 键 词：康德 权利 自由 主体性 困境 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学] D0[政治法律—政治学]