城市环境铂族金属分布特性及生态健康风险研究进展  

Research progress on the distribution characteristics and ecological health risk of platinum-group metal

作　　者：兰青 陈英 

机构地区：[1]广东环境保护工程职业学院,广东佛山528216

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2013年第5期894-900,共7页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41201503);教育部高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20110171120025)

摘　　要：随着铂族金属铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、铑(Rh)被广泛应用于汽车尾气催化净化器中,这三种金属在自然界中的含量逐渐升高。越来越多的研究表明,这几种曾被认为对环境影响较小的金属的确会带来潜在的生态健康风险。本文概括了国内外城市各种环境介质的含量分布,重点分析了铂族金属的源解析方法、粒径分布特性、影响其排放的因素和其潜在的生态健康风险。就全世界的城市来看,灰尘、空气、土壤、沉积物等各种环境介质中铂族金属的含量均有显著提高,主要来源于汽车三元催化净化器。这三种金属倾向于富集在细颗粒中,行车模式是影响其排放量的重要因素,自然界的共存物质可增强它们的溶解性和迁移性,从而使它们的生物可利用性大大提高。生物体吸收这类金属后,可与体内的物质发生反应,形态发生变化,毒性增强。在以后的研究中,除了持续跟踪调查这三种金属在环境中的含量水平以外,还应加强研究这三种金属在环境中的颗粒分布、迁移转化、形态变换、生物可利用性以及生物毒性等,使我们能够更好地评估其生态健康风险,并为与之相关的应用研发、防范措施、政策制订提供引导和支持。Environmental concentrations of the platinum-group metal （PGM） platinum （P0, palladium （Pd） and rhodium （Rh） have been on the rise, due largely to the use of automobile catalytic converters. It has been assumed that the ecological health risks of environmental exposures to PGM are minimal. However, more recent studies indicate that environmental exposures to these metals may indeed pose an ecological health risk. This review concludes the concentration levels of PGM in different environmental media in the word, emphasizing on the sources apportionment of PGM, particle distribution characteristics of PGM, the influences factors＇ on PGM release and the potential ecological health risk of PGM. In the cities of the world, the concentration of PGM in dust, air, soil and sediment all increased greatly. The PGM in the city are mainly from the catalytic converters and tend to enrichment in the fine fraction. The driving condition is the important factor to decide the release of PGM. The emitted PGM may be easily mobilized and solubilised by various compounds commonly present in the environment, thereby enhancing their bioavaiability. PGM can be transformed into more toxic species upon uptake by organisms. Further research should be monitor environmental levels of PGM and enhance the research on their particle distribution, transformation processes, speciation change, bioavailability, and associated toxicity to enable us to better assess their potential ecological health risk, to provide guide and support for related applications, needful precautions and policy development.

关 键 词：尾气催化净化器 铂 钯 铑 分布特性 生态风险 

分 类 号：X13[环境科学与工程—环境科学]