再论利玛窦的易服与范礼安的“文化适应政策”  

Matthoeus Ricci's Change of Clothing and Alessandro Valignano's Cultural Accommodation Policy Revisited

作　　者：戚印平[1] 何先月[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学人文学院,浙江杭州310028

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2013年第3期116-124,共9页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(11BZJ015)

摘　　要：耶稣会士利玛窦改换儒服被视为东西方文化交流史中极具象征意义的标志性事件,但事实上,利氏的形象改变并非只有一次,首次易服是其入华之初采用中国僧服,而12年后改穿儒服,亦是为融合于中国文人官僚而做的社交努力。有证据表明,利玛窦多次易服不仅是仿效日本同行的类似举动,其过程还受制于修会内部传教策略之争及复杂矛盾。形象改变的本质意义在于获得生存与发展的通行证和护身符,是范礼安"文化适应政策"的具体表现。所谓"合儒、补儒"既非利玛窦的初衷,也是从未实现的文化神话。Matthoeus Ricci＇s change of clothing from the Buddhist robe to the literati＇s gown has been the focus of scholars＇ attention at home and abroad,as it is regarded as a landmark event with significant symbolic meaning in the history of the cultural communication between China and the West.Taking a new and wider perspective,the authors attempt to add the following to the description of the event： First of all,Matthoeus Ricci and other Jesuits had changed their images by changing the style of clothing for more than once.As a matter of fact,shortly after arriving at China's Mainland,Michele Ruggieri,S.J.had accepted the local officials＇ advice and put on the Buddhist robe.The pressures from the social environment and survival needs played a decisive role in the Jesuits＇ decision. Secondly,Matthoeus Ricci＇s changes of clothing should not be regarded as a creative action but a borrowed idea from other Jesuits in Japan.In that period,the church in China was subordinated to the church in Japan,so similar arguments about the change of clothing in Japan paved the way for Matthoeus Ricci＇s action in China.In a sense,the change of clothing of the Jesuits and the arguments surrounding that issue were examples of the common conflicts between different religions and cultures. Thirdly,Mattheous Ricci＇s decision to change their clothes into literati＇s gown 12 years after his arrival in China was not only the result of the internal conflicts surrounding the missionary polices among the different religious orders,but also of the covert personal connections and conflicts among the high-ranking Jesuits.The complex personal connections and feelings made the decision for the change of clothing take on implications beyond that of a simple missionary policy. Fourthly,among all the elments mentioned above,the key figure was Alessandro Valignano,S.J.,the Visitor of Missions and the order＇s Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Far East,who directly issued the instruction for the change of clothing of Mattheous Ricci

关 键 词：利玛窦 范礼安 易服 文化适应政策 

分 类 号：K248.3[历史地理—历史学]